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Linaria

Linaria is a genus of almost 200 species of flowering plants, one of several related groups commonly called toadflax. They are annuals and herbaceous perennials, and the largest genus in the Antirrhineae tribe of the plantain family Plantaginaceae.

Taxonomy
Linaria was traditionally placed in the family Scrophulariaceae. Phylogenetic analysis has now placed it in the vastly expanded family Plantaginaceae. Closely related genera include Nuttallanthus (American toadflaxes, recently split from Linaria), Antirrhinum (snapdragons) and Cymbalaria (ivy-leaved toadflaxes). ==Cultivation==
Cultivation
Several Linaria species are cultivated as garden plants, and some are regarded as having a weedy habit. • Common toadflax or butter-and-eggs (Linaria vulgaris), a European species which is widely introduced elsewhere and grows as a common weed in some areas. • Broomleaf toadflax or Dalmatian toadflax (Linaria genistifolia, syn. L. dalmatica), a native of southeast Europe that has become a weed in parts of North America. • Purple toadflax (Linaria purpurea), a species native to the Mediterranean region grown as a garden plant for its dark purple or pink flowers. The version with purple flowers can be mistaken for lavender. Spreads readily. • Pale toadflax (Linaria repens), a species from western Europe similar to L. purpurea, but with paler flowers. • Alpine toadflax (Linaria alpina), purple flowers with orange (or purple) lobes in the center. • Moroccan toadflax (Linaria maroccana), the flower has five lobes arranged into two lips with a spur at the end, often purple with white. ==Species==
Species
The following species are recognised in the genus Linaria: • Linaria accitensisLinaria acutilobaLinaria aerugineaLinaria afghanicaLinaria alaicaLinaria albifronsLinaria algarvianaLinaria almadensisLinaria alpinaLinaria altaicaLinaria amethysteaLinaria amoiLinaria angustissimaLinaria antilibanoticaLinaria arcusangeliLinaria arenariaLinaria arenicolaLinaria argillicolaLinaria armeniacaLinaria arvensisLinaria atlanticaLinaria azerbaijanensisLinaria badachschanicaLinaria badaliiLinaria bamianicaLinaria becerraeLinaria bessarabicaLinaria biebersteiniiLinaria bipartitaLinaria bipunctataLinaria bordianaLinaria boushehrensisLinaria brachyphyllaLinaria bubaniiLinaria bungeiLinaria buriaticaLinaria caesiaLinaria caprariaLinaria cavanillesiiLinaria chalepensisLinaria clementeiLinaria confertifloraLinaria corifoliaLinaria × cornubiensisLinaria cossonianaLinaria cossoniiLinaria cretaceaLinaria dalmaticaLinaria damascenaLinaria decipiensLinaria depauperataLinaria diffusaLinaria dissitaLinaria × dominiiLinaria dumaniiLinaria elegansLinaria elymaiticaLinaria fallaxLinaria farsensisLinaria fastigiataLinaria faucicolaLinaria fedoroviiLinaria ficalhoanaLinaria flavaLinaria genistifoliaLinaria gharbensisLinaria glacialisLinaria glaucaLinaria golestanensisLinaria grandifloraLinaria griffithiiLinaria grjuneraeLinaria guilanensisLinaria haelavaLinaria hepaticaLinaria heratensisLinaria hirtaLinaria hohenackeriLinaria huteriLinaria × hybridaLinaria iconiaLinaria ikonnikoviiLinaria imzicaLinaria incarnataLinaria incompletaLinaria intricataLinaria iranicaLinaria × jalancinaLinaria japonicaLinaria jaxarticaLinaria joppensisLinaria kavirensisLinaria khalkhalensisLinaria khorasanensisLinaria × kocianovichiiLinaria kokanicaLinaria kulabensisLinaria kurdicaLinaria latifoliaLinaria laxifloraLinaria leptocerasLinaria lineolataLinaria loeseliiLinaria longicalcarataLinaria macrophyllaLinaria macrouraLinaria maroccanaLinaria maymanicaLinaria mazandaranensisLinaria melampyroidesLinaria melanogrammaLinaria meyeriLinaria michauxiiLinaria micranthaLinaria microsepalaLinaria multicaulisLinaria munbyanaLinaria musiliiLinaria nachitschevanicaLinaria nigricansLinaria niveaLinaria nurensisLinaria nuristanicaLinaria oblongifoliaLinaria odoraLinaria oliganthaLinaria × oligotrichaLinaria onubensisLinaria orbensisLinaria ordubadicaLinaria pamiricaLinaria paradoxaLinaria parviracemosaLinaria pedicellataLinaria pedunculataLinaria pelisserianaLinaria peloponnesiacaLinaria peltieriLinaria pinifoliaLinaria platycalyxLinaria polygalifoliaLinaria popoviiLinaria propinquaLinaria pseudolaxifloraLinaria pseudoviscosaLinaria purpureaLinaria pyramidalisLinaria qartobensisLinaria quasisessilisLinaria reflexaLinaria remotifloraLinaria repensLinaria ricardoiLinaria riffeaLinaria × rocheriLinaria rubioidesLinaria sabulosaLinaria salangensisLinaria salzmanniiLinaria sagrensisLinaria saposhnikoviiLinaria saturejoidesLinaria saxatilisLinaria schelkownikowiiLinaria schirvanicaLinaria semialataLinaria × sepiumLinaria sessilisLinaria simplexLinaria sparteaLinaria striatellaLinaria supinaLinaria tarhunensisLinaria tenuisLinaria thibeticaLinaria thymifoliaLinaria tingitanaLinaria tonzigiiLinaria triornithophoraLinaria triphyllaLinaria tristisLinaria tursicaLinaria unaiensisLinaria × valdesianaLinaria venosaLinaria ventricosaLinaria veratrifoliaLinaria verticillataLinaria virgataLinaria viscosaLinaria volgensisLinaria vulgarisLinaria warionisLinaria weilleriLinaria yunnanensisLinaria yusufeliensisLinaria × zaborskianaLinaria zaissanica ==Etymology==
Etymology
The members of this genus are known in English as toadflax, a name shared with several related genera. The 'toad' in toadflax may relate to the plants having historically been used to treat bubonic plague, a false link having been drawn between the words 'bubo' and 'Bufo'. The scientific name Linaria means "resembling linum" (flax), which the foliage of some species superficially resembles. ==Distribution and habitat==
Distribution and habitat
The genus is native to temperate regions of Europe, northern Africa and Asia, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean region. ==Ecology==
Ecology
Some Linaria are regarded as noxious weeds. They are likely toxic to livestock, but ruminants generally avoid them. ==Chemical composition==
Chemical composition
Linaria species are rich in alkaloids, iridoids, terpenes, phenolic acids and flavonoids. Vasicine, vasicinone, 7-hyrdoxyvasicine, linarinic acid, choline, linavuline, luteolin, acacetin, apigenin, chrysin, quercetin, myricetin, linarioside, aucubin, linaride, iridolinaroside A-D, and iridolinarin A-C are some compounds found in plants of this genus. ==Uses==
Uses
Toadflaxes are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including the mouse moth (Amphipyra tragopoginis) and the common buckeye (Junonia coenia). Traditional medicine Linaria vulgaris has been used as a medicinal herb. ==References==
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