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LinkNYC

LinkNYC is an infrastructure project providing free Wi-Fi service in New York City. The office of New York City Mayor Bill de Blasio announced the plan on November 17, 2014, and the installation of the first kiosks, or "Links," started in late 2015. The Links replace the city's network of 9,000 to 13,000 payphones, a contract for which expired in October 2014. The LinkNYC kiosks were devised after the government of New York City held several competitions to replace the payphone system. The most recent competition, in 2014, resulted in the contract being awarded to the CityBridge consortium, which comprises Qualcomm; Titan and Control Group, which now make up Intersection; and Comark.

History
Payphones and plans for reuse subway station In 1999, 13 companies signed a contract that legally obligated them to maintain New York City's payphones for 15 years. at a time when the number of payphones in the United States had declined more than 75 percent, to 500,000. The RFI presented questions such as "What alternative communications amenities would fill a need?"; "If retained, should the current designs of sidewalk payphone enclosures be substantially revised?"; and "Should the current number of payphones on City sidewalks change, and if so, how?". Previous free Wi-Fi projects In 2012, the government of New York City installed Wi-Fi routers at 10 payphones in the city (seven in Manhattan, two in Brooklyn, and one in Queens While the payphones participating in the Wi-Fi pilot project were poorly marked, the Wi-Fi offered at these payphones was significantly faster than some of the other free public Wi-Fi networks offered elsewhere. The network was estimated to serve 80,000 Harlemites, including 13,000 in public housing projects The communication points would tentatively have free Wi-Fi service, advertising, and free calls to at least 9-1-1 (the emergency service) or 3-1-1 (the city information hotline). In June 2015, Control Group and Titan announced that they would merge into one company called Intersection. Intersection is being led by a Sidewalk Labs-led group of investors who operate the company as a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. that focuses on solving problems unique to urban environments. Daniel L. Doctoroff, the former CEO of Bloomberg L.P. and former New York City Deputy Mayor for Economic Development and Rebuilding, is the CEO of Sidewalk Labs. Installation of kiosks Initial kiosks CityBridge announced that it would be setting up about 7,000 kiosks, called "Links," near where guests could use the LinkNYC Wi-Fi. Coverage was set to be up by late 2015, starting with about 500 Links in areas that already have payphones, and later to other areas. These Links were to be placed online by the end of the year. The Links would be built in coordination with borough presidents, business improvement districts, the New York City Council, and New York City community boards. Installation of two stations on Third Avenue—at 15th and 17th Streets—began on December 28, 2015, followed by other Links on Third Avenue below 58th Street, as well as on Eighth Avenue. The public network was announced in February 2016. Locations like St. George, Jamaica, South Bronx, and Flatbush Avenue were prioritized for LinkNYC kiosk installations, with these places receiving Links by the end of 2016. These payphones are the only remaining fully enclosed payphones in Manhattan. The preservation process includes creating new fully enclosed booths for the site, which is a difficulty because that specific model of phone booths is no longer manufactured. , there were 400 hubs in three boroughs, In November 2016, the first two Links were installed in Brooklyn, with plans to install nine more Links in various places around Brooklyn before year's end. Around this time, Staten Island received its first Links, which were installed in New Dorp. This number had increased to 1,250 by January 2018, and to 1,600 by September 2018. As originally planned, there would be 4,550 hubs by July 2019 and 7,500 hubs by 2024, By December 2019, only 1,774 LinkNYC kiosks had been installed across the city; the kiosks were largely concentrated in wealthy neighborhoods Manhattan, although Harlem, the South Bronx, and Queens also had several kiosks. CityBridge had installed 1,869 kiosks by May 2020. Most of the kiosks were in Manhattan. CityBridge had only provided three-fifths the number of kiosks that it had been expected to provide by that time. The Public Design Commission initially only approved the construction of Link5G poles in commercial and industrial neighborhoods. The first such pole was installed at the intersection of Hunters Point Avenue and 30th Place in Long Island City, Queens, in March 2022 and was used for testing. As part of an agreement with the city government, over 2,000 poles were to be installed in portions of the city that lacked reliable internet service. Under the agreement with CityBridge, the city would receive eight percent of the first $200 million in profits from the Link5G project, as well as half of all revenue above $200 million. By the end of the year, CityBridge had installed 26 Link5G poles citywide. A 2023 study conducted by LinkNYC found that, although nearly half of residents surveyed were unaware of the poles' existence, those who did were largely supportive of the program. Nonetheless, as additional poles were rolled out across the city in 2023, residents expressed concerns about the Link5G poles' appearance and height; some opponents also cited misinformation related to 5G technology. Neighborhoods such as the West Village and the Upper East Side opposed the Link5G poles. Conversely, city officials and businesses supported the installation of the poles. Following a letter from U.S. representative Jerrold Nadler, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ruled in April 2023 that the poles needed to undergo environmental and historic-preservation reviews. All but one of the planned 5G towers on the Upper East Side were canceled in 2024 because they violated historic-district guidelines. , there were 200 Link5G poles citywide, of which only two were transmitting 5G signals. == Description ==
Description
Links The Links are tall, and are compliant with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. for advertisements and they can be used to call the information helpline 3-1-1. The Links sometimes offer eccentric apps, such as an app to call Santa's voice mail that was enabled in December 2017. The Wi-Fi technology comes from Ruckus Wireless and is enabled by Qualcomm's Vive 802.11ac Wave 2 4x4 chipsets. A separate set of sensors also detects if the USB ports are tampered with. Antenna Design helped with the overall design of the kiosks, The Links' advertising screens also display "NYC Fun Facts", one-sentence factoids about New York City, as well as "This Day in New York" facts and historic photographs of the city, which are shown between advertisements. In April 2018, some advertising screens started displaying real-time bus arrival information for nearby bus routes, using data from the MTA Bus Time system. Other things displayed on Links include headlines from the Associated Press, as well as weather information, comics, contests, and "content collaborations" where third-party organizations display their own information. The kiosks have also run promotions for black-owned businesses and LGBT sites. Mayor Zohran Mamdani has used LinkNYC kiosks to promote new policies. Links in some areas, especially lower-income and lower-traffic areas, are expected to not display advertisements because it is not worthwhile for CityBridge to advertise in these areas. 5G poles CityBridge began installing Link5G poles across the city in 2022. Each pole measures tall, more than three times as high as the original kiosks; In contrast to the kiosks, the Link5G poles were supposed to be installed in neighborhoods without good internet service; 90 percent of the poles were to be placed in the outer boroughs or in Upper Manhattan north of 96th Street. The lower sections of many of the poles have tablets, USB charging ports, 9-1-1 call buttons, and advertising displays, similar to the original kiosks. The upper portions of each pole contain 5G equipment installed by telecommunications companies, which can rent space within the poles from CityBridge. The 5G antennas measure tall and across. Next to each antenna is a box measuring . There are five transmitters atop each pole, measuring at least tall. Although Wi-Fi service from the 5G poles is provided free of charge, users have to pay their telecom companies to receive 5G service. The poles also have cameras on them, but the cameras are not operational at all times. == Network ==
Network
According to its specifications, the Links' Wi-Fi covers a radius of 150 feet (46 m) Private network users will have to accept a network key in order to log onto the LinkNYC Wi-Fi. The Links had been used a total of more than 21 million times by that date. with 21,000 phone calls made in the previous week alone. This stems from the fact that the network provides service to all New Yorkers regardless of income, but it especially helps residents who would have otherwise used their smartphones for internet access using 3G and 4G. , the most-dialed number on the LinkNYC network was the helpline for the state's electronic benefit transfer system, which distributes food stamps to low-income residents. The LinkNYC network is seen as only somewhat mitigating this internet inequality, as many poor neighborhoods, like some in the Bronx, will get relatively few Links. LinkNYC is seen as an example of smart city infrastructure in New York City, as it is a technologically advanced system that helps enable technological connectivity. == Concerns ==
Concerns
Tracking The deployment of the Links and the method, process, eventual selection, and ownership of entities involved in the project has come under scrutiny by privacy advocates, who express concerns about the terms of service, the financial model, and the collection of end users' data. These concerns are aggravated by the involvement of Sidewalk Labs, which belongs to Google's holding company, Alphabet Inc. and LinkNYC could be used to track people's movements. a step that NYCLU commended. In an unrelated incident, Titan, one of the members of CityBridge, was accused of embedding Bluetooth radio transmitters in their phones, which could be used to track phone users' movements without their consent. These beacons were later found to have been permitted by the DOITT, but "without any public notice, consultation, or approval", so they were removed in October 2014. In 2018, a New York City College of Technology undergraduate student, Charles Myers, found that LinkNYC had published folders on GitHub titled "LinkNYC Mobile Observation" and "RxLocation". He shared these with The Intercept website, which wrote that the folders indicated that identifiable user data was being collected, including information on the user's coordinates, web browser, operating system, and device details, among other things. However, LinkNYC disputed these claims and filed a Digital Millennium Copyright Act claim to force GitHub to remove files containing code that Meyer had copied from LinkNYC's GitHub account. Other privacy issues According to LinkNYC, it does not monitor its kiosks' Wi-Fi, nor does it give information to third parties. Non-personally identifiable information can be shared with service providers and advertisers. This was described as a problem especially among the homeless, and at least one video showed a homeless man watching pornography on a LinkNYC tablet. Other challenges included the fact that "stimulating" user-generated content can be found on popular, relatively interactive websites like Tumblr and YouTube; it is hard to block NSFW content on these sites, because that would entail blocking the entire website when only a small portion hosts NSFW content. In addition, it was hard, if not impossible, for LinkNYC to block new websites with NSFW content, as such websites are constantly being created. The disabling of the LinkNYC tablets' browsers had stoked fears about further restrictions on the Links. The Independent, a British newspaper, surveyed some homeless New Yorkers and found that while most of these homeless citizens used the kiosks for legitimate reasons (usually not to browse NSFW content), many of the interviewees were scared that LinkNYC may eventually charge money to use the internet via the Links, or that the kiosks may be demolished altogether. The Guardian, another British newspaper, came to a similar conclusion; one of the LinkNYC users they interviewed said that the Links are "very helpful, but of course bad people messed it up for everyone". In a press release, LinkNYC refuted fears that service would be paywalled or eliminated, though it did state that several improvements, including dimming the kiosks and lowering maximum volumes, were being implemented to reduce the kiosks' effect on the surrounding communities. Immediately after the disabling of the tablets' browsing capabilities, reports of loitering near kiosks decreased by more than 80 percent. The tablets' use, as a whole, has increased 12 percent, with more unique users accessing maps, phone calls, and 3-1-1. Nuisance complaints There have been scattered complaints in some communities that the LinkNYC towers themselves are a nuisance. These complaints mainly have to do with loitering, browser access, and kiosk volume, the latter two of which the city has resolved. Barbara A. Blair, president of the Garment District Alliance, stated that "people are congregating around these Links to the point where they're bringing furniture and building little encampments clustered around them. It's created this really unfortunate and actually deplorable condition." As a result, LinkNYC staff were working on a way to help ensure that Links would not be monopolized by one or two people. Some people stated that the Links could also be used for loitering and illicit phone calls. One Hell's Kitchen bar owner cited concerns about the users of a Link located right outside his bar, including a homeless man who a patron complained was a "creeper" watching animal pornography, as well as several people who made drug deals using the Link's phone capabilities while families were nearby. In Greenpoint, locals alleged that after Links were activated in their neighborhood in July 2017, these particular kiosks became locations for drug deals; however, that particular Link was installed near a known drug den. == Wider deployment ==
Wider deployment
Intersection, in collaboration with British telecommunications company BT and British advertising agency Primesight, is also planning to install up to 850 Links in the United Kingdom, including in London, beginning in 2017. The LinkUK kiosks, as they will be called, are similar to the LinkNYC kiosks in New York City. These Links will replace some of London's iconic telephone booths due to these booths' age. The first hundred Links would be installed in the borough of Camden. In early 2016, Intersection announced that it could install about 100 Links in a mid-sized city in the United States, provided that it wins the United States Department of Transportation's Smart City Challenge. Approximately 25 of that city's blocks will get the Links, which will be integrated with Sidewalk Labs' transportation data-analysis initiative, Flow. Intersection has proposed installing Links in four Columbus neighborhoods. In July 2017, the city of Hoboken, New Jersey, located across the Hudson River from Manhattan, proposed adding free Wi-Fi kiosks on its busiest pedestrian corridors. The kiosks, which are also a smart-city initiative, are proposed to be installed by Intersection. == See also ==
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