Ancient history • During the
Second Intermediate Period, following the conquest of
Lower Egypt by the
Hyksos, there was a rump Egyptian kingdom in
Upper Egypt centered on
Thebes, which eventually reunified the country at the start of the
New Kingdom. • The
Seleucid Empire became a rump state in Northern Syria after losing most of its territory to the
Parthian Empire. • After the collapse of the
Western Roman Empire in
Gaul, the
Kingdom of Soissons survived as a rump state under
Aegidius and
Syagrius, until it was conquered by the
Franks under
Clovis I in 486.
Post-classical history •
Guge and
Maryul were rump states of the
Tibetan Empire. • The
Sultanate of Rum was a rump state of the
Seljuk Empire. •
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was an Armenian rump state in Cilicia. • After the
Almoravid conquest of the
Taifa of Zaragoza in 1110, the taifa's last ruler, Abd-al-Malik, maintained a tiny rump emirate at
Rueda de Jalón until his death in 1130. •
Qara Khitai was a rump state of the
Liao dynasty. • After the
Jin dynasty assumed control over northern China in 1127, the
Southern Song existed as a rump state of the Northern
Song dynasty, although it still retained over half of Northern Song's territory and more than half of its population. • Several
Byzantine rump states like
Nicaea,
Trebizond,
Morea,
Theodoro and
Epirus were formed following conquests from Muslim Turks and Crusaders. • After the
Ming dynasty established control over
China proper in 1368, the
Yuan dynasty retreated to the
Mongolian Plateau and survived as a rump state called the
Northern Yuan. • After the
Fragmentation of the Golden Horde in the early 15th century, the
Great Horde (first mentioned in the 1430s) survived as its rump state in the heartland of the former Khanate in lower Volga, until the
Crimean Khanate destroyed it by sacking its capital city of
New Sarai in 1502, absorbing its remaining territory. • The
Timurid Empire reduced into a rump state in
Kabulistan and
Balkh under
Babur after most of its territory in Khorasan and Central Asia falls to Shaybanid
Khanate of Bukhara in 1500s, the state later turned into the
Mughal Empire after the
Babur's conquest of Delhi in 1526. • By summer 1503,
Aq Qoyunlu rule collapsed in Iran. Some Aq Qoyunlu rump states continued to survive until 1508, before they were absorbed into the
Safavid Empire by
Ismail I. • After the fall of the
Malacca Sultanate in 1511 to the Portuguese naval forces, many of the Malaccan royalty and nobility retreated to the southern region of the
Malay Peninsula and established the
Johor Sultanate. • After the
Spanish conquest of the
Inca Empire in 1532, the
Neo-Inca State based at
Vilcabamba survived as a rump state until 1572. • Despite having two lords, one of them the king of France,
Andorra was part of the
Principality of Catalonia until the
Nueva Planta decrees (1715), after the
Catalan defeat in the
War of the Spanish Succession. To avoid the application of Nueva Planta to Andorra, the
Bishop of Urgell (the other lord of Andorra) convinced the new
Spanish Bourbon authorities that the Valleys of Andorra had always been neutral and unrelated to the Principality of Catalonia, resulting in the political separation of Andorra from
Catalonia. • The
Afsharid Dynasty survived as a rump state in
Mashhad and surrounding areas after most of its territory in Iran and Khorasan conquered by the
Zands and
Durrani Empire, until the region finally annexed by the
Qajars in 1796.
Modern history • The modern country of
Luxembourg is the rump state of the former
Duchy of Luxembourg, which lost two-thirds of its territory due to
multiple partitions between 1659 and 1839. This was cemented by the
Treaty of London, which gave most of its former territory to newly independent
Belgium. •
The Vatican City can be considered a rump state of the
Papal States (756–1870). The Papal States fell in 1870 when
Rome was captured by Italy. The pope was confined to a small area known as the Vatican hill, which included
St Peter’s basilica and walled off from the rest of Italy. In 1929, The Lateran treaty was signed which formed the Vatican City as an independent state with jurisdiction and authority of the
Roman Catholic Church keeping many Papal state institutions as remnants. • The modern-day state of
Brunei is a rump state of the former
Bruneian Sultanate (1368–1888), which once encompassed much of northern
Borneo. The nation declined sharply during the 19th century, eventually falling under a British protectorate and reduced to its present size by 1901. Brunei would ultimately regain its independence in 1984, remaining a small remnant of the former empire still ruled by the
House of Bolkiah, which has governed the nation throughout almost its entire existence. • The
Republic of German-Austria was created in 1918 as the initial rump state for areas with a predominantly German-speaking population within what had been the
Austro-Hungarian Empire. • The
Republic of Armenia became a rump state in 1920 following the Ankara Government victory in the
Turkish–Armenian War. • In 1918–1919, after World War I, a succession of several short-lived rump states existed within the historical territory of Hungary: the
First Hungarian Republic (1918–1919), the
Hungarian Soviet Republic (March – August 1919), the
Hungarian Republic. • The
Second Czechoslovak Republic was the result of the events following the
Munich Agreement, where
Czechoslovakia was forced to cede the German-populated
Sudetenland region to
Germany on 1 October 1938. The state existed for 169 days during which it lost the region of
Carpathian Ruthenia. • In 1940,
Vichy France became a rump state of France after the
fall of France. While northern France and the Atlantic coast were occupied by
Germany. Vichy France’s unoccupied territory was reduced to the south with Vichy as the administrative capital during the Period and
Philippe Petain as head of state. Germany soon would occupy all of France while the Vichy government still remained in place. In 1944, the regime went into exile in
Sigmaringen as the
exterritorial Sigmaringen enclave until it was officially abolished in August 1944. • In September 1943, the
Kingdom of Italy was reduced to a rump state, then nicknamed the
Kingdom of the South, while the
Italian Social Republic, a
Nazi-installed puppet state, controlled most of its territory. With
Allied support, the Kingdom of Italy gradually regained control over Italian territory, achieving victory in April 1945. • On April 30, 1945,
Adolf Hitler died by suicide.
Karl Dönitz, who succeeded him as
President of Germany, appointed
Joseph Goebbels as
Chancellor, only for Goebbels himself to die by suicide, avoiding capture by the Allies, the following day. Resultantly, Dönitz formed the
Flensburg Government, led by
Lutz von Krosigk. It was arrested on May 22, and officially dissolved by the
Berlin Declaration on June 5. • The
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1992–2003) /
Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) was often viewed as the rump state left behind by the
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (1945–1992) after it
broke up. SFR Yugoslavia itself was considered the 'rump Yugoslavia' for its last ten months, between
Slovenian and
Croatian declarations of independence on 25 June 1991 and
the legal dissolution of Yugoslavia on 27 April 1992. •
Taiwan under the
Kuomintang rule was the rump state of the
Republic of China left over after the
retreat from the mainland. The current
status of Taiwan is disputed and varies based on the observer's perspective. • The
Republic of Turkey was a rump state left over in
Anatolia after the
dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and the consequent loss of its territory in Northern Africa, the Middle East, and Europe (amounting to 89% of its former size). • The
Democratic Republic of Yemen was the rump state of
South Yemen; established during the
1994 Yemeni civil war, it eventually collapsed once the Government retook control. • Until the
fall of Damascus on 8 December 2024, the remaining territory once held by
Ba'athist Syria consisted on
Damascus (encircled by the rebels) and three western coastal
Alawite-majority governorates of
Latakia and
Tartus which were part of the historical
Alawite State. ==See also==