Julio Arana started multiple enterprises in collaboration with different business partners in the 1890s. Two of these notable partners include
Juan B. Vega and
Luis F. Morey, who established the Vega, Morey y Compania in 1890. Another company founded in the same year was Arana y Vega Ltda, a commercial firm that had an office on the
Javary River. This relationship helped to facilitate transportation for Arana's expanding enterprise. In 1896, Arana moved his family to
Iquitos. That same year, the
Galvez steamship, owned by Arana and captained by his brother Lizardo, travelled down the
Caraparaná River and purchased six tons of rubber from Colombians that were settled there. Arana began trading with
Benjamin Larrañaga and his son Rafael in 1896. The Larrañaga's owned La Chorrera, a settlement on the
Igaraparaná where they enslaved the native population to extract rubber. Some of the enslaved native groups used for labor in the Putumayo include:
Huitoto,
Andoque,
Bora,
Ocaina,
Muinane,
Resígaros,
Yabuyanos,
Nonuyas and
Yurias. Sometime in 1898, Arana established a commercial house in Iquitos for his enterprise. His largest competitor in the city,
Carlos Fitzcarrald, drowned in an accident on the
Urubamba River the previous year. Arana soon began peddling firearms, liqueur, and goods with other Colombians along the Putumayo, negotiating business with as many of them as possible. In 1901, Arana established the Larrañaga, Arana y compañia, with Benjamin Larrañaga as a business partner. There was an armed conflict between the Larrañaga's and several other Colombian patron's on the Putumayo, as the latter wanted to evict the Larrañga's from the region. Information later provided by
Rómulo Paredes, a judge in Iquitos, stated that Arana arrived on the
Putumayo steamship at La Chorrera and intermediated a meeting between the two groups of Colombians. An agreement was made to pay
Rafael Tobar and his companions 50,000 sols, and the Calderón hermano's were paid 14,000 for a settlement they built on the Igaraparana River. Paredes did not provide a date for this meeting, however Rafael Tobar,
Cecilio Plata,
Juan Cabrera, and
Aquiléo Torres were arrested at La Chorrera in July 1901 then taken to Iquitos as prisoners. Those four Colombians were the original patrons of the rubber stations
Entre Rios,
Atenas, and
La Sabana. Under Arana's enterprise, the indigenous peoples subjugated at these rubber stations delivered latex to La Chorrera, and this product would then be shipped to Iquitos. By 1902, Arana's enterprise accounted for 8 percent of Iquitos total rubber exports: and about 5 percent of its total imports. In this year, he became the mayor of Iquitos due to his success and reputation. By this time, most of the Colombian entrepreneurs in the region were on Arana's books. If the Colombians in the Putumayo wanted to sell their rubber, they would have to go to Iquitos. From Iquitos, they managed to secure the supplies they needed and negotiate credit. Arana facilitated everything for them. In 1903, Arana established the J.C. Arana y Hermanos firm, which had its headquarters in Iquitos and an office in Manaus. Arana's brother Lizardo, along with his brother in laws
Abel Alarco and
Pablo Zumaeta had managing roles in this new company. The headquarters in Iquitos was managed by Pablo Zumaeta, and the office in
Manaus was directed by
Lizarado Arana. Zumaeta was general manager of the company, responsible for operations in the Putumayo: while Lizardo was responsible for commercial transactions in the commercial hub that was Manaus. Arana met the French explorer
Eugène Robuchon onboard Arana's steamship the
Preciada, around July 1903. Robuchon was intrigued with the information Arana provided about his estates in the Putumayo region and Robuchon decided to deviate from his original exploration plans in order to explore the Huitoto territory. The Peruvian
Prime Minister in 1903,
José Pardo, sent a telegraph to Arana in November 1903 suggesting that Arana employ the French explorer Eugene Robuchon to explore the property of J.C. Arana y Hermanos. A contract between Arana and Robuchon was officially signed on August 30, 1904, whereupon Robuchon agreed to carry out geographic, ethnologic work among other similar studies, as well as take photographs in the region and to produce maps. Robuchon also agreed that he would make suggestions regarding reforms "to improve and extend the exploitation of the said region, principally with regard to obtaining rubber." After the death of Benjamin Larrañaga in December 1903, Arana bought out the son, Rafael's share. From 1904 onwards, Arana and his company annexed Colombian rubber properties, "amounting to more than 40 settlements". Arana's enterprise carried this out through encouraging the Colombians to sell their estates, indebting the Colombians, or by forceful actions to acquire the Colombia estates. After securing La Chorrera from the Larrañaga's, he bought out
Gregorio Calderón and the Calderón hermanos at
El Encanto. The Calderón's had a reported workforce of 3,500 Huitoto natives that were dedicated to the extraction of rubber along the Caraparaná River, and this workforce was also acquired by Arana. In February 1904, a steamship belonging to Arana's company, named the
Acreana, was seized by Brazilian authorities on the Upper
Purus River while en route to deliver supplies to rubber tappers on the Curanja tributary. Another steamship named
Mercedes, which belonged to
Carlos Scharff, was also captured by the same group of Brazilians. On March 30 of 1904, the Mercedes along with the Acreana were used to deliver a group of around 270 armed Brazilians to attack a group of Peruvians between the Chandless and Curanja Rivers. Arana's business representative aboard the Acreana decided to abandon this business venture since it would be dangerous to travel any further towards their original destination and a decision was made to leave the ship's cargo at the Acre River's mouth then travel back to Manaus, which they arrived at on May 17. Arana's company later filed a reimbursement claim to the Brazilian government for the losses the company incurred during this incident. The
Liberal steamship was commissioned by Arana's enterprise and completed in October 1904.
Liberal first arrived in Iquitos in December 1904. It was estimated that this ship cost between £6,000-7,000 a year to operate. owned by Julio César Arana, embarking rubber In 1904, Arana sent his brother-in-law Abel Alarco to take advantage of the economic crisis occurring in
Barbados. Barbados was a frequent stop along the
Booth Steam Ship Co. route that took rubber to
Liverpool. Over the course of 9 months somewhere around 200 men from the island became indentured to the company, initially for a period of 2 years. Some of these Barbadian men protested to the British vice-consul in Manaus when they found out what the nature of their work in Peru entailed, however they were told they must fulfill the contracts they signed with Arana's company. Some of the Barbadians refused to do so, and they were taken into custody by local police and escorted onto a boat that would take them to the Putumayo. When the Barbadians arrived to the Putumayo region near the end of 1904, they were used as enforcers against the natives. These men were foreigners with no connection to the people or land in the Putumayo, and they stood out. It was virtually impossible for them to run away from the territory. At the end of 1904, an expedition of around thirty Barbadian men was sent out from La Chorrera to set up the plantation of
Matanzas, near the
Caqueta River.
Armando Normand accompanied them, and would later become the manager of that station. Matanzas was originally established as a joint venture between a Colombian named Ramon Sanchez and Arana. An investigation later carried out by
Roger Casement determined that the Barbadians had committed horrible atrocities at the behest of their overseers. They were the perpetrators of many floggings and murders committed against the natives. The investigation determined, that when the Barbadians complained or were defiant, they "received ill-treatment and were subjected to torture, for which they do not appear to have received any compensation as British subjects." The French explorer Robuchon disappeared in 1906 near the confluence of the Cahuinari tributary with the Caqueta River. Some of Robuchon's photographic plates were later recovered and were passed around in Iquitos. There were also rumors circulating at the time that Robuchon was murdered by Arana's employees because he had taken incriminating photographs of abuse and atrocities in the Putumayo. Robuchon's work was posthumously published by the Peruvian government in 1907 with the title
En el Putumayo y sus afluentes. This book, which was edited by the Peruvian consul-general to Manaus,
Carlos Rey de Castro, claimed that Robuchon was killed by indigenous cannibals. There were 20,000 copies of
En el Putumayo y sus afluentes published at the expense of the Peruvian government, and the book would later be used as a prospectus for a company formed by Arana in 1907. Rey de Castro's editing process intended to portray Arana's enterprise as a "
civilising force" in the
Peruvian Amazon. By 1906 around 1,400,000 pounds of rubber was exported from the Putumayo by Arana's enterprise. Arana continued his campaign against the Colombian patrons on the Putumayo River, and by 1907 most of them had disappeared. One prominent Colombian on the Caqueta River, named
Cecilio Plata, was killed in a mutiny in 1907 and
Las crueldades en el Putumayo y en el Caquetá insinuated that Arana had a role in instigating this rebellion. After Plata's death, two steamships belonging to Arana sailed from Manaus to Plata's estate, located at the confluence of the Caqueta and
Apaporis Rivers, and occupied the estate, which then became a part of Arana's enterprise. In 1907, Arana temporarily moved his family to
Biarritz, in France.
Benjamin Saldaña Rocca originally filed a criminal petition against 18 members of the J.C. Arana y Hermanos company, and urged the local courts to conduct an investigation. When he felt ignored, Saldaña founded the newspapers
La Sancion on August 22, 1907: and
La Felpa on August 31. The newspapers both published revelations and information that came from ex-employees of Arana.
La Felpa used a political cartoon at its center to make its point. The very first issue of
La Felpa had four different graphics captioned: "The Crimes of the Putumayo:
FLAGELLATIONS, MUTILATIONS, TORTURES, AND TARGET PRACTICE." Saldaña's petition led to a judicial case against Arana however the local court in Iquitos declared a writ stating that they were "incompetent to act." On September 26, 1907 Arana established the
Peruvian Amazon Company and had this company registered on the London stock market. The total equity of this new company was £1,000,000, a portion of which came from various English investors, some of whom became Peruvian Amazon Company directors. This company's territory was composed of property along the Igaraparaná, Caraparaná and Caquetá Rivers which Arana had previously acquired. El Dorado, La Uníon, and La Reserva were the only notable Colombian settlements on the Cara-Paraná River and they were raided by Arana's firm in 1908. The American engineer
Walter Ernest Hardenburg and his friend
Walter Perkins were travelling along the Caraparana River, on the way to Bolivia and they were imprisoned by Arana's company around February 1908. Hardenburg was captured after massacres at La Uníon and La Reserva, while his friend Perkins was captured at La Reserva. Perkins told Hardenburg about the atrocities he had seen at La Reserva: and the murder of
David Serrano along with 27 of his companions, perpetrated by employees of Arana's company, in cooperation with Peruvian soldiers. This information was corroborated by two eyewitnesses, one that provided a deposition to Hardenburg, named Julio Montero and another deposition on this incident was given by a Colombian named Carlos Muragaitio to a Colombian consulate. Saldaña published two articles in La Felpa on February 1 and 8, which provided details on the attacks against Colombian settlements on the Caraparana. The articles implicated Miguel S. Loayza, Arana's manager at El Encanto, with organizing these attacks. The last issue of Saldaña Rocca's publications came out on February 22, 1908. He was tipped off that law enforcement was on their way to escort him out of Iquitos. Saldaña managed to collect his documents and store them with the mother of his son for safe keeping. The son, decided to give that body of work to Hardenburg and these documents inspired Hardenburg to continue investigating and exposing Arana's company. }} The commander of Peruvian forces in the Putumayo in 1908,
Juan Pollack, issued arrest warrants for the men who had participated in the 1908 attacks and many of those perpetrators were taken to La Chorrera in chains. Arana, along with the Prefect of Loreto
Carlos Zapata and the Peruvian consul-general to Manaus travelled together onboard the
Cosmopolita steamship, to La Chorrera. Prefect Zapata arranged for the men imprisoned by Pollack to be released. Information later collected by Roger Casement implicated Arana with paying Zapata a bribe amounting to £7,000 during this incident. A British Parliamentary committee established in 1913 secured two statements from Colombians, one of which had sworn before the Criminal Circuit at
Bogotá and the second statement was signed at Manaus. Both of these statements claimed that Arana had paid out this bribe, however one statement declared the payment was £8,000, while according to the second statement it was £5,000. Casement also discovered that the Peruvian consul-general to Manaus, Carlos Rey de Castro, was a debtor to Arana's company in Manaus for a sum that ranged between £4,000-5,000 in 1909. Julio F. Muriedas, an ex-employee of Arana that provided a deposition to Saldaña, and stated that in February 1908 he was working at an outpost belonging to
Ildefonso Gonzalez on the Curary tributary of the Napo River. The deposition stated that
Amadeo Burga, a Peruvian commissario, had pursued Muriedas throughout the Napo River with the intention of killing him because he was one of the first deponents that incriminated Arana and his syndicate with "awful crimes" in the Putumayo. Muriedas claimed that afterwards, Burga along with his eight soldiers travelled to an estate on the
Tamboryacu tributary which belonged to
Matias Perez. Burga ordered Perez to congregate all of his workers to inform them that they were now under the employment of Arana's firm. Burga threatened Perez that if he did not sell his estate for £20, then Burga would kill him. This statement was corroborated by another Hardenburg deponent named Fermín Torres, and Torres claimed that Perez's estate was really worth around £300. Torres's deposition described the "violent possession" and seizure of an estate named El Pensamiento, by Burga. Muriedas stated that during the Pensamiento affair, Ildefonso Gonzalez was murdered during the process of transferring his peons to the Tamboryacu River. A Colombian named Carlos Murgaitio provided a testimony which appeared in
Jornal de Comercio of Manaos and claimed that after Gonzalez was intimidated to leave his estate, he was murdered by a J.C. Arana y Hermanos manager named Olaneta. Regarding Gonzalez, Murgaito stated that "this man was one of the chief obstacles to the usurpation of the disputed territory." The Tamboryacu tributary had a portage route which linked the Putumayo River and the Napo River via the Campuya tributary of the Putumayo. In May 1908 there was a civil conflict between Arana's company and
David Cazes, the British consul in Iquitos and the owner of the Iquitos Trading Company. Both firms had a claim to the estate named Pensamiento, as its owner had recently died and owed money to both companies. Apparently Arana was interested in this property because it was the best route of escape for natives fleeing from the Putumayo towards the
Napo River. A few Huitoto natives escaped from Arana's estate and fled towards Pensamiento, where they protested against their treatment to the previous owner's brother, who then brought that issue to Cazes. According to Cazes, these natives were "dreadfully scarred from flogging" and he tried to have them admitted as evidence in court at Iquitos, however the local prefect "Zapata and the Court had these Indians sent away" and the whole matter was covered up. Cazes managed to sell all of the rubber on the property before the commissario Amadeo Burga arrived to seize the estate for Arana. Burga was a brother in law to Pablo Zumaeta, as well as an employee of Arana's rubber firm. Afterwards, the courts issued an arrest order for Cazes and soldiers were sent to his house, which was also the British consulate. Cazes was given an ultimatum by prefect
Carlos Zapata, which was to either pay a £800 fee and surrender the claim to Pensamiento, or else his house would be invaded by authorities who would then arrest him, so Cazes decided to pay the money to the courts. The natives who ran away to Pensamiento were collected by the commissario Burga and taken back to the Putumayo estates. In 1910, English consul Roger Casement was sent to the Putumayo to investigate claims that Barbadians were perpetrating atrocities against natives while working for Arana's company. Previously in 1904, Casement wrote an investigative report on the
Congo Free State, where atrocities were perpetrated against an enslaved indigenous work force which was dedicated to extracting rubber. Casement had no jurisdiction to investigate the Putumayo natives themselves because they were not English subjects. Through the Barbadian overseers, which were English subjects, Casement was able to learn about the atrocities occurring in the region. Casement collected thirty depositions from the Barbadian employees, which were full of criminal indictments. The report compiled by Casement was released in 1911, containing accounts by perpetrators and victims of the atrocities. The report sparked outrage, and eventually led to the liquidation of the Peruvian Amazon Company in 1913. An arrest warrant was issued against Julio César Arana by judge
Carlos A. Valcárcel on December 10, 1912 however the court of Iquitos nullified this order. Arana and other important figures with roles in the
Putumayo genocide were never prosecuted. As a testament to the popularity of Arana's business partners in Iquitos, Pablo Zumaeta became the mayor of the city in 1912 and 1914, as well as between the years of 1922–1923. When
Victor Macedo protested against his arrest warrant in Lima, the judge who issued the order was dismissed from office. The 236 other arrest warrants issued against Arana's employees were also dropped. Arana continued to export rubber under the name of a business partner, Cecilio Hernandez. Rubber from the Putumayo continued to be shipped towards Iquitos and then Britain. Years after the scandal, Julio César Arana became the senator of Loreto. , indigenous killers and overseers for the Peruvian Amazon Company ==Later life==