Loki's Castle

Loki's Castle is located on the Gakkel Ridge (previously the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge), where the Mohns and Knipovich ridges converge. Ocean core complexes are found to the northwest. The field resides approximately deep at the boundary of the Greenland and Norwegian Sea. ==History==

. Discovery The vents were discovered in 2008 by a 25-person multinational scientific expedition of the University of Bergen, Norway. The vents are located more than north of what were previously the northernmost known vents, discovered in 2005. The high-latitude 2005 and 2008 expeditions were both led by geologist Rolf Pedersen of the university's Centre for Geobiology, aboard the research vessel G.O. Sars (named after the Norwegian marine biologist Georg Ossian Sars and launched in May 2003). The vents were located using a remotely controlled underwater vehicle. The vent field was given the name Loki's Castle as its shape reminded its discoverers of a fantasy castle. The reference is to the ancient Norse god of trickery, Loki. It was felt to be "an appropriate name for a field that was so difficult to locate". gravity cores were collected from the vent field in 2010. The field was revisited by the G.O. Sars in 2018 and 2019 by the United States Geological Survey and the University of Bergen to take sediment push cores. For 11 months, a ocean bottom seismometer was placed at Loki's Castle from August 2019 to July 2020, revealing an emerging detachment fault to the west of the field and approximately 7.5 low-magnitude seismic events per day. ==Geology==

Loki's Castle is described in literature as a sediment-influenced basalt-hosted hydrothermal field. Due to boron isotopic composition of hydrothermal fluids, it is suggested that vent fluid is recharged (or percolates into the seafloor) in regions densely concentrated with oceanic sediments, rather than unsedimented igneous rock of ridge flanks. 21 types of minerals have been identified at the vent field. When cores were collected in 2018 and 2019, talc was found in samples. Carbon-14 dating estimates the oldest hydrothermal material at the field to be over 9,100 years old. Mounds and chimneys The vent field is composed of two sulfide mounds, each across, and join into a single composite mound. The size is comparable to that of the TAG field on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, one of the largest known hydrothermal fields as of 2010. This section of the system is nicknamed the Barite Field. Fluid chemistry Loki's Castle fluids are rich in volatile gases, namely hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen, and methane. The field is also associated with high concentrations of hydrocarbons, ammonium, and alkalinity while being depleted of dissolved iron and manganese. Fluid pH from high-temperature locations are acidic, ranging from 5.5 - 6.1. ==Ecology==

The bristleworm Nicomache lokii (Maldanidae) is thought to be a key species in the fauna surrounding the hydrothermal vents in the area. This species is one of the more than ten species that were newly discovered here. Sclerolinum contortum tube worms are located at the field on the largest sulfide mounds. Thaumarchaeota have been found at less active chimney sites. Sulfurovum dominate microbial mats. Samples from 2008 and 2010 contained a diversity of Chlamydiae. Preliminary observations have indicated that the warm area around the vents of Loki's Castle is a marine ecotope populated with apparently unique and diverse microorganisms, unlike other observed marine hydrothermal vent ecosystems. Lokiarchaeota is renowned as a potential linkage between prokaryotes and eukaryotes in the three-domain system of life. Of the 23 high-quality NCLDV genomic bins: • 15 are related to pithoviruses, • 5 are related to Marseille viruses, • 1 are related to iridoviruses, and • 2 are related to klosneuviruses The iridovirus-like gene sequence has been named "LCIVAC01". ==See also==