The Lumad include groups such as the Erumanen ne Menuvu',
Matigsalug Manobo, Agusanon Manobo, Dulangan Manobo, Dabaw Manobo,
Ata Manobo,
Blaan, Kaulo, Banwaon,
Bukidnon,
Teduray, Lambangian, Higaunon, Dibabawon, Mangguwangan, Mansaka,
Mandaya,
Kalagan,
Subanen,
Tasaday,
Tboli, Mamanuwa, Tagakaolo, Talaandig, Tagabawa, Ubu', Tinenanen, Kuwemanen, Klata, and Diyangan. Considered as "vulnerable groups", they live in
hinterlands, forests, lowlands, and coastal areas. The term
Lumad excludes the
Butuanons and
Surigaonons, even though these two groups are also native to Mindanao. This is due to their
Visayan ethnicity and lack of close affinity with the Lumad. The
Moros like the
Maguindanaon,
Maranao,
Tausūg,
Sangil,
Sama-Bajau,
Yakan, etc. are also excluded, despite being also native to Mindanao and despite some groups being closely related ethnolinguistically to the Lumad. This is because unlike the Lumad, the Moros
converted to Islam during the 14th to 15th centuries. This can be confusing since the word
Lumad literally means 'native' in
Bisayan languages.
Bagobo The Bagobo are one of the largest subgroups of the Manobo peoples. They comprise three subgroups: the Tagabawa, the Klata (or Guiangan), and the Ovu (also spelled Uvu or Ubo) peoples. The Bagobo were formerly nomadic and used
slash-and-burn agriculture (
kaingin). Their territory extends from
Davao Gulf to
Mount Apo. They are traditionally ruled by chieftains (
matanum), a council of elders (
magani), and
mabalian,
female shamans. The supreme spirit in their
indigenous faith is
Eugpamolak Manobo or
Manama.
Blaan The
Blaan is an indigenous group that is concentrated in
Davao del Sur and
South Cotabato. They practice indigenous rituals while adapting to the way of life of modern Filipinos.
Bukidnon celebrated annually in
Malaybalay City,
Bukidnon. The Bukidnon are one of the seven tribes in the
Bukidnon plateau of
Mindanao.
Bukidnon means 'that of the mountains or highlands' (i.e., 'people of the mountains or highlands'), despite the fact that most Bukidnon tribes settle in the lowlands. The name Bukidnon itself used to describe the entire
province in a different context (it means 'mountainous lands' in this case) or could also be the
collective name of the permanent residents in the province regardless of ethnicity. The Bukidnon people believe in one god, Magbabaya ('Ruler of All'), though there are several minor gods and goddesses that they worship as well. Religious rites are presided by a
baylan whose ordination is voluntary and may come from any sex. The Bukidnons have rich musical and oral traditions, which are celebrated annually in
Malaybalay City's Kaamulan Festival, with other tribes in Bukidnon (the Manobo tribes, Higaonon, Matigsalug, Talaandig, Umayamnom, and Tigwahanon). The Bukidnon Lumad is distinct from and should not be confused with the
Visayan Suludnon people of
Panay and a few indigenous peoples scattered in the Visayas area who are also alternatively referred to as "Bukidnon" (also meaning 'highland people').
Higaonon The Higaonon are mainly located in the entire province of
Misamis Oriental, as well as northern parts of
Bukidnon, western parts of
Agusan del Norte, western parts of
Agusan del Sur,
Camiguin (used to be Kamiguing), Rogongon in
Iligan City, and eastern parts of
Lanao del Norte. The Higaonons have a rather traditional way of living. Farming is their most important economic activity. The Higaonon people believe in a variety of deities, namely: • Magbabayà ('The Ruler of All') – The supreme god who has minor gods and goddesses beneath him to do specific jobs and take care of certain things, he is also the god of the west. • Domalondong – The god of the north. • Ongli – The god of the south. • Tagolambong – The god of the east. • Ibabasok – He watches over the crops and their growth in a simple ceremony at the center of the rice field. • Dagingon – They worship this deity in an elaborated celebration complete with songs and dances which will last for nine nights during planting and after harvest seasons. • Bulalakaw – The spirit who watches the rivers and takes care of the fishermen's catch. • Tumpaa Nanapiyaw or Intumbangol – Watches the base of the earth night and day lest it crumbles. • Tagabugtà – The spirit who watches the farm or the forest
Kalagan The Kalagan, also spelled K'lagan or (by the Spanish) Caragan, are a subgroup of the Mandaya-Mansaka people who speak the
Kalagan language. They comprise three subgroups which are usually treated as different tribes: the Tagakaulo, the Kagan, and the Kallao people of
Samal, Davao del Norte. They are native to areas within
Davao del Sur,
Davao de Oro,
Davao del Norte (including Samal Island),
Davao Oriental, and
Cotabato; between the territories of the
Blaan people and the coastline. The
Caraga is named after them. Their name means 'spirited people' or 'brave people', from
kalag, ('spirit' or 'soul'). They were historically composed of small warring groups. Their population, as of 1994, is 87,270.
Kamigin A subgroup of the
Manobo from the island of
Camiguin. They speak the
Kamigin language and are closely related to the Manobo groups from
Surigao del Norte.
Mamanwa The Mamanwa are a
Negrito tribe often grouped together with the Lumad. They come from
Leyte,
Agusan del Norte, and
Surigao provinces in Mindanao; primarily in
Kitcharao and
Santiago, Agusan del Norte, though they are lesser in number and more scattered and nomadic than the Manobos and Mandaya tribes who also inhabit the region. Like all Negritos, the Mamanwas are phenotypically distinct from the lowlanders and the upland Manobos, exhibiting curly hair and much darker skin tones. They are traditionally
hunter-gatherers and consume a wide variety of wild plants, herbs, insects, and animals from
tropical rainforests. The Mamanwa are categorized as having the "negrito"
phenotype: dark skin, kinky hair, and short stature. The origins of this phenotype (found in the
Agta,
Ati, and
Aeta tribes in the Philippines) are a continued topic of debate, with recent evidence suggesting that the phenotype convergently evolved in several areas of southeast Asia. However, recent genomic evidence suggests that the Mamanwa were one of the first populations to leave Africa along with peoples in New Guinea and Australia, and that they diverged from a common origin about 36,000 years ago. Currently, Mamanwa populations live in sedentary settlements (
barangays) that are close to agricultural peoples and market centers. As a result, a substantial proportion of their diet includes starch-dense domesticated foods. The extent to which agricultural products are bought or exchanged varies in each Mamanwa settlement with some individuals continuing to farm and produce their own domesticated foods while others rely on purchasing food from market centers. The Mamanwas have been exposed to many of the modernities mainstream agricultural populations possess and use, such as cell phones, televisions, radio, and processed foods. They believe in a collection of spirits, governed by the
supreme deity Magbabaya, although it appears that their contact with monotheist communities and populations has made a considerable impact on the Mamanwa's religious practices. The tribe produces winnowing baskets, rattan hammocks, and other household containers. "Mamanwa" (also spelled "Mamanoa") means 'first forest dwellers', from the words
man 'first' and
banwa 'forest'. They speak the
Mamanwa language (or Minamanwa). They are genetically related to the
Denisovans. The Manobos are considered the most diverse among the many
indigenous peoples of the Philippines, with the largest number of subgroups within its family of languages. The Philippines' National Commission on Culture and the Arts has been able to develop a tentative classification of Manobo subgroups, but notes that "the various subgroupings are not sufficiently defined" as of the time the classification was developed. The Manobo possess
Denisovan admixture, much like the Mamanwa. Manobos also hold
Austroasiatic ancestry.
Mansaka The term "Mansaka" derives from
man with literal meaning 'first' and
saka meaning 'to ascend', and means 'the first people to ascend mountains/upstream'. The term most likely describes the origin of these people who are found today in
Davao del Norte and
Davao de Oro and some parts of Davao Oriental, specifically in the Batoto River, the Manat Valley, Caragan,
Maragusan, the Hijo River Valley, and the seacoasts of Kingking, Maco, Kwambog, Hijo, Tagum, Libuganon, Tuganay, Ising, and Panabo.
Matigsalug Bukidnon groups are found in the Valley in Kitaotao in Bukidnon province, Philippines. Their name means "people along the Salug River (now called the
Davao River)". Although often classified under the Manobo ethnolinguistic group, the Matigsalug are a distinct subgroup.
Sangil The Sangil people (also called Sangir, Sangu, Marore, Sangirezen, or Talaoerezen) are originally from the
Sangihe and
Talaud Islands (now part of
Indonesia) and parts of
Davao Occidental (particularly in the
Sarangani Islands),
Davao del Norte,
Davao del Sur,
Sultan Kudarat,
South Cotabato, and
Cotabato. Their populations (much like the
Sama-Bajau) were separated when borders were drawn between the Philippines and Indonesia during the
colonial era. The Sangil people are traditionally animistic, much like other Lumad peoples. During the colonial era, the Sangil (who usually call themselves "Sangir") in the Sangihe Islands mostly converted to
Protestant Christianity due to proximity and contact with the Christian
Minahasa people of
Sulawesi. In the Philippines, most Sangil converted to
Islam due to the influence of the neighboring
Sultanate of Maguindanao. However, elements of animistic rituals still remain. The Indonesian and Filipino groups still maintain ties and both
Manado Malay and
Cebuano are spoken in both Indonesian Sangir and Filipino Sangil, in addition to the
Sangirese language. The exact population of Sangil people in the Philippines is unknown but is estimated to be around 10,000 people.
Subanon living in the mountains of
Mount Malindang The Subanons are the first settlers of the
Zamboanga Peninsula and Misamis Occidental. The family is patriarchal while the village is led by a chief called a Timuay. He acts as the village judge and is concerned with all communal matters. History has better words to speak for Misamis Occidental. Its
principal city was originally populated by the Subanon, a cultural group that once roamed the seas in great number; the province was an easy prey to the marauding sea pirates of
Lanao whose habit were to stage lightning forays along the coastal areas in search of slaves. As the Subanon retreated deeper and deeper into the interior, the coastal areas became home to inhabitants from Bukidnon who were steadily followed by settlers from nearby Cebu and Bohol.
Tagabawa Tagabawa is the language used by the Bagobo-Tagabawa. They are an indigenous tribe in Mindanao. They live in the surrounding areas of
Mt. Apo.
Tagakaulo Tagakaulo is one of the tribes in
Mindanao. Their traditional territories are in
Davao del Sur and the
Sarangani Province particularly in the localities of Malalag, Lais, Talaguton Rivers, Sta. Maria, and Malita of Davao Occidental, and Malungon of the Sarangani Province. Tagakaulo means 'from the head(waters)'. The Tagakaulo tribe originally came from the western shores of the Gulf of
Davao and south of
Mt. Apo. a long time ago.
Talaandig Talaandig are originally from the foothills of
Mount Kitanglad in
Bukidnon, specifically in the municipalities of
Talakag and
Lantapan.
Tasaday The Tasaday is a group of about two dozen people living within the deep and mountainous rainforests of Mindanao, who attracted wide media attention in 1971 when they were first "discovered" by western scientists who reported that they were living at a "stone age" level of technology and had been completely isolated from the rest of Philippine society. They later attracted attention in the 1980s when it was reported that their discovery had in fact been an elaborate
hoax, and doubt was raised both about their status as isolated from other societies and even about the reality of their existence as a separate ethnic group. The question of whether Tasaday studies published in the seventies are accurate is still being discussed.
Teduray The
Teduray people live in the municipalities of
Datu Blah T. Sinsuat,
Upi in
Maguindanao del Norte, and
South Upi in
Maguindanao del Sur; and in
Lebak municipality, northwestern
Sultan Kudarat. They speak the
Teduray language, which is related to
Bagobo,
B'laan, and
T'boli. Coastal Tedurays are mostly farmers, hunters, fishermen, and basket weavers; those living in the mountains engage in dry field agriculture, supplemented by hunting and the gathering of forest products. Tedurays are famous for their craftsmanship in weaving baskets with two-toned geometric designs. While many have adopted the cultures of neighboring
Muslims and
Christians people, a high percentage of their population still believe and practice their indigenous customs and rituals.
Tboli ,
South Cotabato. The
Tboli are one of the indigenous peoples of South Mindanao. From the body of ethnographic and linguistic literature on Mindanao, they are variously known as Tboli, Teboli, Tau Bilil, Tau Bulul or Tagabilil. They self-identify as T'boli. Their whereabouts and identity are to some extent confused in the literature; some publications present the Teboli and the Tagabilil as distinct peoples; some locate the Tbolis to the vicinity of the Buluan Lake in the Cotabato Basin or in Agusan del Norte. The T'boli, then, reside on the mountain slopes on either side of the upper Allah Valley and the coastal area of Maitum, Maasim, and Kiamba. In former times, the T'boli also inhabited the upper Allah Valley floor.
Tigwahanon The Tigwahonon are a subgroup of Manobo originally from the
Tigwa River basin near
San Fernando, Bukidnon.
Umayamnon The Umayamnon are originally from the
Umayam River watershed and the headwaters of the
Pulangi River. They are a subgroup of the Manobo. ==Languages==