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Marion Mahony Griffin

Marion Mahony Griffin was an American architect and artist. She was one of the first licensed female architects in the world, and is considered an original member of the Prairie School. Her work in the United States developed and expanded the American Prairie School, and her work in India and Australia reflected Prairie School ideals of indigenous landscape and materials in newly formed democracies. The scholar Debora Wood stated that Griffin "did the drawings people think of when they think of Frank Lloyd Wright ." According to architecture critic, Reyner Banham, Griffin was "America’s first woman architect who needed no apology in a world of men."

Early life and education
Mahony was born in 1871 in Chicago, Illinois, to Jeremiah Mahony, a journalist, poet, and teacher from Cork, Ireland, and Clara Hamilton, a schoolteacher. After the Great Chicago Fire in 1880, her family moved north of Chicago to nearby Winnetka. Winnetka's Unitarian Chapel often held discussions about the arts, politics, and social issues heavily revolving around democracy. Mahony often recalled her childhood in Winnetka in her autobiography, "The Magic of America", describing how she had become fascinated by the freeing nature and quickly disappearing landscape as suburban homes filled the area.At the time, Winnetka was known to be more "like a pioneer town than a suburb." This landscape inspired Mahony's focus on nature in her architectural practices, and her family's involvement in the intellectual community further influenced her democratic principles and philosophy. After Mahony's father died by suicide in 1882, her mother decided to move out of Winnetka to the West Side of Chicago where she became an elementary school principal in a Chicago Public School to support her children. Her mother became a pioneer in public education, and was involved in many women's groups across the city. Mahony described her mother as "the most democratic of human beings", firsthand seeing her involvement with many social reformers, activists, artists, and intellectuals. She grew up with a range of female role models in Chicago. Anna Wilmarth, who was part of their inner circles personally funded Mahony's education at the Massuchusetts Institute of Technology after she was influenced by her cousin, architect Dwight Perkins, to pursue an architectural degree. After Sophia Hayden, Mahony was the second woman to have studied architecture and graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1894. ==Architectural career==
Architectural career
Start of her career After completing her degree at MIT, Mahony returned to Chicago and started her professional career at her cousin, Dwight Perkins' practice in Chicago’s Steinway Hall, a shared office of more progressive artists and architects during the time. Perkins himself was a former MIT student, however he never completed his architectural degree. Although Mahony was more educated than him, he fostered the significant improvement of her drafting and design skills as she gained hands-on experience. Subsequently, she became the first licensed female architect in Illinois in 1898. She was later hired and worked with Wright from 1895–1909 in both Chicago and his Oak Park studio. She went to work designing buildings, furniture, stained glass windows, and decorative panels. Barry Byrne, a coworker of Mahony's described her as “the most talented member of Frank Lloyd Wright’s staff." She combined art and architecture in her draftsmanship, and was known to have an "exceptional feel" for linear compositions that integrated architecture with nature. Her interest in Japanese prints gave her several unique compositional techniques of color, depth, emphasis, and line weight that played a crucial role in the development of the Prairie School. This new presentation of designs was revolutionary in presenting architectural work to the world. Mahony's work became a powerful marketing tool, that enabled conversations with clients as they had become able to visualize the plans presented. Her rendering of the K. C. DeRhodes House in South Bend, Indiana, in particular, was praised by Wright and many critics. Her presentation drawing of the home was exceptionally skillful with clear-cut lines, and her original use of stylized trees and flowers to frame the structure. The foliage was just as sharp as the structure presented, further highlighting her integration of architecture with the natural world. Her watercolor renderings of buildings and landscapes became known as a staple of Wright's style, though she was never given credit by the famous architect. For example, Wright "desperately" tried to attribute the K. C. DeRhodes House to himself. He annotated the rendering writing "after FLLW and Hiroshige". Yet, Mahony's initials, "MLM", were included in very small print under the foliage of the rendering. After Wright had gone, Hermann V. von Holst, who had taken on Wright's commissions, hired Mahony with the stipulation that she would have control of the design. in Grand Rapids, Michigan. During this time, Mahony recommended Walter Burley Griffin to von Holst to develop landscaping for the area surrounding the three houses commissioned from Wright in Decatur, Illinois. Griffin was a fellow architect, a fellow ex-employee of Wright, and a leading member of the Prairie School of architecture. Mahony and Griffin worked on the Decatur project before their marriage in 1911; afterward, Mahony worked in Griffin's practice. However, deeply rooted in her collaborative approach, she would publicly refer to her contributions as "our projects", often making note of the love and loyalty she had for her husband. Cafe Australia, Newman College, and the Capitol Theatre were three architectural structures worked on by Mahony, and for which the couple hired local artists, Marion's memoirs record the rough journey across Bass Strait in the SS Loongana, compensated over December 1918–January 1919 with 'a wonderful fortnight which enabled me to add a number of unique trees to my set of Forest Portraits.' In Australia, Mahony and Griffin was introduced to Anthroposophy and the ideas of Rudolf Steiner which they embraced enthusiastically, and in Sydney they joined the Anthroposophy Society. These would later have a great influence on her autobiography. In a manuscript of the letter between the two included in "The Magic of America", Mr. Halder stated, "Marion is working like a slave and she is the only effective help I have had for this exhibition." In addition to this, she continued drafting and illustrating in her unique graphic style, yet it's hard to attribute which of her works belonged to her when both she and her husband signed their initials on them. Lucknow reinvigorated her interest in architecture as she finished the rendering of the library and museum for Raja of Mahmudabad as Walter Burley Griffin lay on his death bed. Her artistic approach in this piece was deemed to be an evolution of the renderings she had produced earlier. It was not only an expression of the building, but a work of graphic art that shared characteristics with the rendering of the DeRhodes house. ==Death and legacy==
Death and legacy
Marion Mahony Griffin did not stay long in Australia after Walter's death. By then in her late 60s, she returned to the United States and afterward was largely retired from her architectural career. "The one time she addressed the Illinois Society of Architects, she made no mention of her work, instead lectured the crowd on anthroposophy." She did however spend the next twenty years working on a massive volume of 1,400 pages and 650 illustrations detailing her and Walter's working lives, which she titled "The Magic of America", which has yet to be formally published in book form. A manuscript deposited at the Art Institute of Chicago in 1949 was digitized, and since 2007 has been available online. Battling memory loss toward the end of her life, Marion Mahony Griffin died in poverty in 1961 at the age of 90. She was buried in Graceland Cemetery. Among the few works attributed to Mahony that survive in the United States is a small mural in the George B. Armstrong elementary school in Chicago, and some of the homes she had designed in Decatur, Illinois. The Australian Institute of Architects, NSW Chapter, honored her work with an annual award, the Marion Mahony Griffin Prize, for a distinctive body of work by a female architect for architectural education, journalism, research, theory, a professional practice or built architectural work. Since 2006 the Victorian Chapter of the AIA has presented a named award annually known as the Marion Mahony Award for Interior Architecture. Exhibitions The following exhibitions have been displayed featured the work of Marion Mahony: • 1998–1999: The Museum of Applied Arts & Sciences at Powerhouse Museum, Sydney held an exhibition entitled "Beyond Architecture: Marion Mahony and Walter Burley Griffin". • 2013: An exhibition to celebrate the centenary of Canberra, held in the National Library of Australia and called "The Dream of a Century: the Griffins in Australia’s Capital", exhibited her drawings for the entire year. • 2020–2021: An exhibition at the Museum of Sydney entitled "Paradise on Earth". • 2022: An exhibition at the National Archives of Australia in Canberra entitled "Marion: the other Griffin". ==Architectural works==
Architectural works
• All Souls Church (demolished), Evanston, Illinois – 1901 • The Gerald and Hattie Mahony Residence (demolished), Elkhart, Indiana – 1907 • David Amberg Residence, 505 College Avenue SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan – 1909 • Edward P. Irving Residence, 2 Millikin Place, Decatur, Illinois – 1909 • Robert Mueller Residence, 1 Millikin Place, Decatur, Illinois – 1909 • Adolph Mueller Residence, 4 Millikin Place, Decatur, Illinois – 1910 • Niles Club Company, Club House, Niles, Michigan – 1911 • Henry Ford Residence "FairLane" (unbuilt initial design; 1913) • Koehne House (demolished 1974), Palm Beach, Florida – 1914 • Cooley Residence, Grand St. at Texas Avenue, Monroe, Louisiana • Fern Room, Cafe Australia, Melbourne, Australia – 1916 • Pholiota, 23 Glenard Drive, Eaglemont, Victoria (the Griffins own house) – 1920 • Capitol Theatre, Swanston Street, Melbourne, Australia – 1921–1923 • "Stokesay", residence of Mr. and Mrs. Onians, 289 Nepean Highway, Seaford, Victoria, Australia – 1925 • Ellen Mower Residence, 12 The Rampart, Castlecrag, Sydney – 1926 • Creswick Residence, Castlecrag, Sydney, Australia – 1926 • S.R. Salter Residence (Knitlock construction), Toorak, Victoria, Australia – 1927 • Vaughan Griffin Residence, 52 Darebin St., Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia – 1927 ==References==
External links and further readings
• Pioneering Women of American Architecture, Marion Mahony Griffin • "Exhibit honors unsung architect Marion Mahony Griffin", Chicago Tribune, October 11, 2016 • Marion Mahony Griffin, Digital Projects, New-York Historical Society • Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin architectural drawings, circa 1909–1937.Held by the Department of Drawings & Archives , Avery Architectural & Fine Arts Library, Columbia University. • Biographical notes at MIT • Marion Mahony Griffin: Drawing the Form of Nature an exhibition of Mahony Griffin's graphic art at the Block Museum, Northwestern University, United States of America • The Magic of America: Electronic Edition online version of Marion Mahony Griffin's unpublished manuscript, made available through the Art Institute of Chicago • "Rediscovering a Heroine of Chicago Architecture", New York Times, January 1, 2008 • CC-By-SA] • National Archives of Australia • Willoughby City Council Heritage • Places Journal, Marion Mahony Griffin • National Library of Australia: Griffin and Early Canberra Collection • https://www.griffinsociety.org/marion-mahony-griffin/. • • Kruty, Paul., and Paul E. Sprague. Marion Mahony and Millikin Place: Creating a Prairie School Masterpiece With the Help of Frank Lloyd Wright, Herman Von Holst, and Walter Burley Griffin. St. Louis, Mo.: Walter Burley Griffin Society of America, 2007.
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