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Marvelman

Marvelman was a British Golden Age superhero comic book, published by L. Miller & Son in the United Kingdom between 1954 and 1963. The lead character was originally created by Mick Anglo as a replacement for Captain Marvel due to Fawcett Publications ending the latter's titles following legal action by DC Comics.

Creation
With the British economy struggling to recover from World War II, a ban on importing American comics was enacted, leading to a boom in indigenous comics. However, a loophole existed whereby a British publisher could import overseas comics, print them and sell the results. This proved to be a lucrative move for L. Miller & Son, especially when they licensed Captain Marvel and Captain Marvel Jr. from Fawcett Publications. However, after losing a landmark legal case against National Comics in 1952, Fawcett discontinued their superhero material, cutting off the supply of strips for L. Miller & Son. Not wanting to cancel the highly profitable title, Len Miller contacted artist Mick Anglo, whose Gower Street Studios had already created cover art for many L. Miller & Son comics. Anglo devised the characters of Marvelman and Young Marvelman to replace them, featuring a similar premise of young men who could change into powerful superheroes. Working titles had included both Captain Miracle and Miracleman, both of which would be used by Anglo for later characters. ==Publishing history==
Publishing history
Transition L. Miller & Son's Captain Marvel #24 featured the title "Captain Marvel—The Marvelman" on the front cover; inside the editorial revealed that Billy Batson had decided to retire and lead a normal life with his place being taken by Micky Moran as Marvelman. Thus Marvelman took over the numbering of the Captain Marvel series, leading to the character debuting on 3 February 1954 in Marvelman #25, which contained the stories "Marvelman and the Atomic Bomber" and "Marvelman and the Stolen Radium". A similar transition took place in sister title Captain Marvel Jr., which soon became Young Marvelman. Content Like its predecessor, Marvelman was a weekly comic. In order to cut expenditure in resizing or modifying artwork from American publishers, L. Miller & Son retained the same dimensions as US comic books. Each issue was 28 pages long, and the interiors were printed in black and white on newsprint, with only the covers in colour. and would briefly feature as a back-up in Marvelman. The title's most lasting villain was evil scientist Doctor Gargunza, a reinvention of Captain Marvel's arch-enemy Doctor Sivana, given a new look that involved a black widow's peak, spectacles and an exaggerated overbite, a distinctive "Hak! Hak!" chuckle and a name invented by Anglo's brother. While Gargunza would invariably lose and be bought to justice as each scheme failed, the character would always escape and return on numerous occasions. Another recurring antagonist was the fictional Eastern bloc country of Boromania, agents of whom were defeated by Marvelman on numerous occasions. Other story opportunities were opened up when Marvelman gained the ability to fly fast enough around the Earth to travel through time, usually into the past but occasionally into the future. This allowed him to visit periods such as England in the Elizabethan era or the Middle Ages, the reign of Louis XIV, the Wild West or American Civil War, and also meet historical figures including Hannibal, Hippocrates, and Charles II. His adventures also saw him cross paths with fictional or mythical characters such as King Arthur, Icarus, Scheherazade and Dick Whittington. Success Marvelman was a success, exceeding the sales of Captain Marvel, and, later, birthday cards in exchange for a Shilling. Marvelman annuals were also produced by L. Miller & Son; these 96-page hardback books featured a mix of strip adventures (some of which featured coloured art, the only material from the original run to do so), illustrated text stories and activity pages. Two "Magic Painting" books were also produced—these featured pages pre-coated with watercolour paint, which would be revealed when a wet paintbrush was applied. Among the series' fans were Tommy Cooper, who would mention the series in his autobiography Just Like That, which referred to a story in Marvelman #267 where the hero was transformed into 'Cooperman'. Decline and cancellation British sales however began to fall after the ban on importing American comics was lifted in November 1959. In 1960 they had dropped to a degree where L. Miller & Son switched the title to a monthly status and the contents to reprints, while the annuals would shrink in size and quality. As a result, Mick Anglo left the title, turning down an offer from Arnold Miller and instead setting up his own Anglo Features, using material created for Marvelman for the short-lived Captain Miracle. Original cover-art was still created, though a lack of reference material meant the new artists frequently depicted the character as having brown hair, while Captain Marvel's cape even made a reappearance on cover for the 1961 annual. Even this was not enough to keep the comic profitable and—with the publisher in dire financial straits—the final issues of Marvelman and Young Marvelman—#370 of each—were dated February 1963. The annuals would also end publication the same year. ==Ownership==
Ownership
L. Miller & Son would stop publishing comics in 1963, and would stay in existence until 1974. The company's comic assets, including the asbestos printing plate masters, were purchased by Alan Class Comics, who would only reprint a handful of horror and science fiction strips from the L. Miller & Son library. At the time it was industry standard that British comic characters were created on a work for hire basis, with the works belonging to the publisher, and the characters spent over a decade in publishing limbo on this false premise. However, in 2009 it emerged that Anglo, whose name appeared next to a copyright symbol in some material, had actually retained the rights to the character all along. Anglo died on 31 October 2011, aged 96. ==Legacy==
Legacy
Revival Quality Communications founder and publisher Dez Skinn remembered the character fondly and enlisted writer Alan Moore to revive Marvelman for the new anthology comic Warrior, believing the character to be in the public domain. The revived strip debuted in the first issue of Warrior, with the revisionist storyline retconning the 1953–1963 material as simulations experienced by the characters. A one-off Marvelman Special was produced by Quality in 1984, reprinting four Anglo-era strips with a new framing sequence by Moore and artist Alan Davis. However, soon after a variety of factors saw the strip stall, and Warrior ended in January 1985. The revival was continued by American publisher Eclipse Comics from 1985. Due to objections from Marvel Comics, the title and the character were renamed as Miracleman, with the supporting cast updated accordingly. In a text essay included with Miracleman #2, Moore noted the character's existence since 1953 predated Marvel Comics' use of the name, and instead originated from the rival Fawcett publication.)—filled the issue, while another was used as a back-up strip in Miracleman #15. Another reprint was used in the 1988 mini-series Miracleman Family. For all of these reprints the names were updated in line with those now used in the main series, and the strips were colourised. Following the resolution of the protracted ownership debate, Marvel Comics struck a deal with Anglo to license the character shortly after the legal ownership was confirmed in 2009. This was followed by the six-issue limited series ''Marvelman: Family's Finest'', reprinting restored versions of Anglo's strips from Marvelman, Young Marvelman and Marvelman Family. Cover art was produced by Marko Djurdjević and others, with one a modified version of Anglo's cover to Marvelman #33. The series was collected as a trade paperback Soon afterwards Marvel instigated a series of hardback Marvelman Classic archive collections. The first volume contained Marvelman #25 and #27-34; the reason for the gap was that—despite extensive searches and a Twitter appeal by Tom Brevoort—Marvel were unable to locate any proof that the second appearance of the character in Marvelman #26. A note to this effect was printed in the collecting, relating that some of the collectors contacted had raised doubts the issue existed and that if it was discovered it would be included in future editions. no further editions of Marvelman Classic Vol. 1 or any subsequent volumes have been published, but a digital version of the issue is available for purchase on Amazon via ComiXology. After some initial interest, sales of the Marvelman Classic volumes dropped sharply, and none have been issued since 2011. ==Reception==
Reception
Modern reception to the original Marvelman material has been mixed. Writing in the second issue of Eclipse Comics' Miracleman, revival writer Alan Moore noted that the stories were "simplistic in both art and script, and to anyone familiar with the exploits of the original Fawcett Marvel Family the characters must seem woefully derivative", Reviewing ''Marvelman: Family's Finest'' #1, Lew Stringer questioned what the target audience for the reprints was. ==Collected editions==
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