Massachusetts Bay Colony Soon after the founding of the
Massachusetts Bay Colony, efforts were made to organize the colony's militia. All male residents between the ages of 16 and 60 were required for service. These militiamen would be well trained and well armed. Each militiaman would be trained in the same manner which was a major difference between the training of
Elizabethan militias which maintained well trained units (
trainbands) alongside less well trained and less well armed groups of militia. Another major difference between the New England militias and their counterparts in England was these militiamen were allowed to nominate and select their own officers.
New England society at the time was organized around
congregational lines and this method was to be extended to the militia as well. This nominating process extended all the way to the nomination of province-wide commanders, whose selection needed only
General Court assent for outside approval. A company of men had a minimum of 64 soldiers and was to be drilled 6 days a year. Up until the mid-1630s, each town had its own militia company (also known as "trained bands") which was commanded by an officer with the rank of captain. After December 13, 1636, this changed. That day that the Massachusetts militia was organized into the North, South, and East Regiments. Today's 181st Infantry Regiment,
101st Field Artillery Regiment, and
101st Engineer Battalion (United States) respectively trace their origins to these three regiments. The militia companies were nominally under the command of the colonial governor, but, in practice, operated as independent units. The regimental organization did much to improve the organization and leadership of the militia. Three years later the Hampshire Regiment was raised in
Springfield, MA; today's
104th Infantry Regiment traces its origins to that unit. During
King Philip's War (1675-1678), 25 of New England's 90 towns were attacked and pillaged by native tribal warriors and a further 17 colonial towns such as Springfield and
Scituate were burnt to the ground. Approximately 3,000 colonists perished. A colonial force of about 1,000 militiamen (mostly from Massachusetts but also from
Plymouth Colony and Connecticut) fought a brutal and punishing campaign of reprisal which resulted in the deaths of about 6,000 Native Americans and thousands more being sold into slavery in the West Indies. This war was the bloodiest, in terms of the percentage of the population that died in it, in American history. More than 10% of the total population (native and colonial) of New England perished. The economic, social, and political consequences of King Philip's War (named after the Wampanoag sachem that led them) would echo into the following centuries. As time progressed, larger towns would usually have more than one militia company and the companies of adjacent towns would be organized into regiments commanded by colonels. The regiments, in turn, were organized into brigades commanded by brigadier generals. In 1692
Plymouth Colony merged with the Massachusetts Bay Colony and its militia became part of the Massachusetts Militia. The military history of Plymouth Colony began in February 1621 when Captain
Myles Standish was named commander of the colony's militia - then consisting of every able bodied adult male in the colony. On October 2, 1658 the militia companies of each town were organized into a regiment under the command of Major
Josiah Winslow who served until he was elected governor on June 3, 1673, when he was succeeded by Major
William Bradford the Younger. On June 2, 1685, Plymouth Colony was divided into three counties (Plymouth, Barnstable and Bristol) and each county had its own regiment of militia. Upon the merger of the colonies, the Plymouth Colony militia became a brigade within the Massachusetts Militia.
American Revolution Minuteman monument Prior to the American Revolution, Massachusetts' armed citizens were organized into two major elements. There was the "regular" militia, which consisted of all white males age 16 to 60, and the
minutemen who were better trained and equipped and who could react more quickly to an emergency - theoretically on a minute's notice. In the early morning hours of April 19, 1775, the militia company of Lexington, commanded by Captain
John Parker, confronted British forces heading to Concord to search for stores of munitions. This led to the "shot heard round the world" and the beginning of the American Revolution. While the Lexington militia retreated in the face of superior British forces, militiamen continuously engaged the British as they retreated from Concord back to Boston later the same day. After the
battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775, Massachusetts militia units were called into service, along with militia units from New Hampshire, Connecticut and Rhode Island, to form the
Army of Observation whose purpose was to ensure that the British did not travel to locations outside of Boston which they occupied. The Army of Observation fought the British at the
Battle of Bunker Hill in June 1775. General
George Washington assumed command of the Army of Observation at Cambridge in July 1775 and the militia units then became units in the newly formed
Continental Army. Massachusetts regiments were a major component of the Continental Army throughout the Revolution.
War of 1812 During the
War of 1812, after the British capture of Eastport and Castine in 1814 there was great concern that they would attack other cities on the New England coast. Massachusetts militia units were called into service to reinforce coastal fortifications protecting Boston and other locations. The
181st Infantry Regiment (United States),
182nd Infantry Regiment (United States),
101st Field Artillery Regiment and the 772nd Military Police Company are four of only twenty
Army National Guard units with campaign credit for the War of 1812, as they gained the campaign credit through their antecedent units' service.
Militia Law of 1840 The Massachusetts Militia Law of 1840 brought significant changes to the Massachusetts Militia. The first change was that it drew a distinction between the enrolled militia and the volunteer militia. The enrolled militia was simply a list of able bodied men age 18 to 45 which would only be called upon in time of war. There was no military training requirement for members of the enrolled militia. The volunteer militia, named the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia (MVM) were those individuals who joined MVM and conducted regular training. The MVM was organized into three divisions with two brigades each. Each brigade consisted for two or three regiments. Regiments were organized into companies which would be from one or more municipalities.
Mexican War During the
Mexican War the Regiment of Massachusetts Volunteers was formed. It served from January 1847 to July 1848. Its first commander was former congressman and future United States attorney general
Caleb Cushing.
American Civil War At the beginning of the American Civil War in 1861, Massachusetts Militia units were mobilized to serve in the
Union Army. From April to December 1864 at total of 27
Unattached Companies Massachusetts Volunteer Militia were called to active service to garrison coast defense forts in Massachusetts. Most of these companies were drawn from existing units of the Massachusetts Volunteer Militia. Terms of service ranged from 90 days to one year and all of the companies had been demobilized by July 1865.
Spanish–American War During the Spanish–American War six Massachusetts Volunteer Militia regiments were called into Federal service between May and July 1898. The regiments were the
2nd, 5th, 6th, 8th and 9th infantry regiments and the 1st Heavy Artillery regiment. The 2nd, 8th and 9th regiments engaged in combat in Cuba and the 6th saw action in Puerto Rico. All units were demobilized by May 1899.
Dick Act of 1903 The
Dick Act of 1903 brought into being the National Guard in its current form. In exchange for federal funding, state militia units could join the National Guard with the obligation to serve in the event of a federal emergency. The name National Guard was applied to units receiving Federal financing and subject to Federal mobilization and regulation. The primary result of the Dick Act was that the state militias were transformed into better trained, better equipped and more professional military forces. The National Defense Act of 1916 built upon the Dick Act by requiring National Guard units to increase their number of annual training assemblies (commonly called "drills") from 24 to 48 and the number of annual training days from 5 to 15. ,
Belgium during
World War II The result of these reforms is that when National Guard units were called into Federal service during the First World War, they were better prepared than their forebears in previous wars.
World War I During the First World War, the
26th Division (nicknamed the "Yankee Division") was formed from units of Massachusetts National Guard. The division spent 210 days in combat and participated in the St. Mihele and Meuse-Argonne offensives. Additionally, Guard units were mobilized for coastal defense at forts in the Boston and New Bedford areas. After the First World War, the
110th Cavalry Regiment, still horsed cavalry, was established. It was assigned in the 1920s to the
23rd and then after July 1924 to the
22nd Cavalry Division. From May to October 1940 the regiment was broken up and reorganized as coastal and field artillery.
World War II , Massachusetts National Guard in
mobilization training for
World War II in
Texas As in the First World War, Massachusetts National Guard units were called into Federal service. Most units were either in the
26th Infantry Division or the
241st Coast Artillery. The 241st Coast Artillery was disestablished in 1944. The
181st Infantry Regiment patrolled the coasts of Massachusetts and other locations in New England.
Post–World War II The Massachusetts Army National Guard reorganized in 1946 after five years of active duty. The 26th Infantry Division was the largest formation; however, there were now two major non-divisional units in the state: the 182d Infantry Regimental Combat Team and the
104th Antiaircraft Artillery Brigade. The Guard was still in the process of rebuilding when the
Korean War broke out in June 1950. The 26th Division was considered for active duty, but eight non-divisional units were ordered into active duty as part of the Army's expansion instead. In 1963 the
26th Cavalry was created to provide the divisional reconnaissance squadron. During the Vietnam era (1965-1972) service in the National Guard was used by tens of thousands of men as a means of avoiding being drafted into the active Army and, probably, being sent to fight in Vietnam. While this enabled the National Guard to fill its personnel requirements there was a diminishing of readiness as many members of the Guard had a low level of motivation for military service. In the early 1980s the National Guard received more Federal funding and evolved into a better trained, better equipped and more professional force. The National Guard was in a high state of readiness when units were activated to serve in the
Gulf War of 1990 to 1991. The end of the Cold War resulted in force restructuring and reductions. As a result, the Army decided to downsize the 26th Infantry Division into a brigade, and put it under the command of the 29th Infantry Division. On 1 September 1993, the division was inactivated, and the
26th Infantry Brigade remained in its place, based in Springfield. The 3rd and 43rd brigades, 26th Infantry Division were inactivated, and the 86th Infantry Brigade was put under the command of the
42nd Infantry Division. On 1 October 1995, the brigade was formally designated the 26th Brigade, 29th Infantry Division. The divisional cavalry was retitled into the
110th Cavalry, but then disestablished in 1996. In 2004, the 26th Brigade transitioned into the 26th (Yankee) Infantry Brigade Combat Team. of the
182nd Infantry Regiment during deployment in
Afghanistan Post-9/11 era Numerous Massachusetts National Guard units have been called into Federal service to serve in both
Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan from 2001 to 2021 and in
Operation Iraqi Freedom in Iraq from 2003 to 2011. In 2005 the 26th Infantry Brigade was reorganized into the 26th Infantry Brigade Combat Team,
42nd Infantry Division. In 2008, the 26th IBCT was reorganized as the
26th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade (MEB), a combat support brigade, located at
Camp Curtis Guild, MA. In 2005 the long-serving
104th Infantry Regiment was inactivated, followed by the
102nd Field Artillery Regiment in 2006. On October 29, 2007, Major Jeffrey R. Calero was killed in
Kajaki,
Afghanistan by a
roadside bomb during a combat patrol. He was part of Company C, 1st Battalion,
20th Special Forces Group. ==Organization and missions==