Model United Nations

Model United Nations began as a series of League of Nations simulations. The first simulation was held at the University of Oxford in November 1921. In 1922, Mir Mahmood, the president of the Oxford International Assembly, visited Harvard University and inspired the establishment of the first American International Assembly on January 10, 1923. The Harvard event included fifteen nations and debated issues such as the status of the island of Rhodes and the international opium trade. The first recorded conference named "model United Nations" took place at Swarthmore College on April 5, 1947. At the event, more than 150 students from 41 colleges simulated a UN General Assembly, discussing topics like atomic-energy control, disarmament, refugee citizenship, and the reconstruction of devastated areas. Another early MUN event was held at St. Lawrence University from February 11 to 13, 1949, organized by Dr. Harry Reiff and Otto L. George. Delegates represented regional colleges, including Adelphi University, Alfred University, Champlain College, Clarkson University, McGill University, Middlebury College, Potsdam College, Saint Michael's College, and the University of Vermont. The conference continued annually for years, and has since been revived on campus. Three of the oldest active conferences in the world were established in the early 1950s. They are the Berkeley Model United Nations (BMUN) at Berkeley (1952), the Harvard Model United Nations (HMUN) at Harvard (1953), and model United Nations of the Far West (MUNFW), which has held college-level conferences since 1951. The first was held at Stanford University, where diplomat Ralph Bunche spoke. == Academic aspects ==

The main objectives of participating in model UN are to develop skills in negotiation, speaking, and communication. Material issues of diplomacy and policy are approached through a quasi-academic process. Crisis committees involve rapid response to evolving crisis scenarios, which require participants to make quick decisions. In preparation for a conference, topics are chosen for each committee. Typically, research and background guides are made available by the organizers of a conference. Based on these guides, delegates of each committee are often expected to research and formulate a position for the country or group they represent and submit a position paper. Position papers outline each delegate’s stance on the topic and summarize relevant research. == Procedures ==

, Germany Model UN committees often use parliamentary procedures derived from Robert's Rules of Order. Since there is no governing body for model UN, each conference differs in their rules of procedure; conferences affiliated with the same format (like a shared rule set) often use similar procedures. A dais (the group of people in charge of each committee during a model UN conference) will maintain a list of speakers, and the delegates follow the order written on the 'speaker list'. Delegates may be added to the speaker list by raising their placards or sending a note to the chair. During this time, delegates talk to the entire committee. They make speeches, answer questions, and debate on resolutions and amendments. If there are no other motions, the committee goes back to the speaker list by default. Formal/informal debate can include both moderated and unmoderated caucuses. A caucus is an opportunity to discuss policy ideas. A moderated caucus is more formal and is run by the committee chair; an unmoderated caucus is a time when delegates move around the room and hold a more informal discussion on the topic. Resolutions A resolution is a legal document that expresses the general opinion of the committee. Once passed, it outlines the actions that the committee recommends. They are considered the final results of conversations, writings, and negotiations. Resolutions must go through a draft, approval by the dais, and consequent debate and modification. MUN Resolutions are composed of both preambulatory and operative clauses. Preambulatory clauses outline the problems addressed by the resolution, and are typically not debated, while operative clauses propose solutions and present them in a structured and organized manner. == Conference management ==

MUN societies and conferences are run by a group of administrators known as the secretariat. A secretariat is headed by a Secretary-General. Other members of the secretariat could include the Director-General, Under-Secretaries-General and President of General Assembly. Committee dais Each committee usually has a dais that is composed of a chair (also known as moderator or director), one or more vice-chairs and a team of note-passers (also known as pages, runners, security, admins, or similar). In crisis committees, there can also be a crisis staff composed of a crisis director, assistant director, and crisis staffers. These members are responsible for facilitating the back-room portion of a committee. == Languages ==

in Spanish at the International Model United Nations of Buenos Aires (MINUBA) in Argentina Traditionally, English has been the official working language of most conferences. However, as model UN has become more popular around the world, and as conferences in countries such as the United States have sought to appeal to underrepresented minorities (such as the Spanish-speaking community), committees using languages other than English, or which are bilingual, have become common. However, this is still not a mainstream phenomenon, especially in the United States, where most bilingual or Spanish language committees are found only at conferences hosted in Puerto Rico or the Southwest. == Attire ==

, Canada. Nearly all model United Nations conferences require delegates to wear Western business attire. Casual wear, as well as clothing that would be excessively revealing, is prohibited, alongside the display of any school or national symbols aside from those of the UN during the competition. The permissibility of cultural attire varies. While the wearing of traditional attire is permitted in National Model United Nations in cases where it would also be professional, delegates are not allowed to "attempt to portray a character using traditional cultural attire as a costume." == Committees ==

Model United Nations conferences regularly simulate the bodies of the United Nations, the European Union, government cabinets, regional bodies such as ASEAN, PNA, as well as corporate boards, NGOs or so-called Press Corps. Idiosyncrasies and fictional committees also exist. Some examples for fantasy and fictional committees include Ministry of Magic and Lord of the Rings. An example for such a special committee that does not have a parallel in the actual United Nations which deals with a crisis is known as a 'crisis committee.' In this committee, a crisis is given to a team of students and the teams must come up with solutions. Crisis committees traditionally focus on a single historical event, but recently, current and future events have been used as well. The event may be fictional or non-fictional. Crisis committees Crisis is a specialized form of model UN where participants emulate a variety of entities, from a board of directors to historical figures. Crisis committees tend to be much smaller in size than their classic counterparts, and revolve around a quickly developing series of events known as a "crisis." Staffers can update crisis events based partly on a preset direction and partly on interaction from delegates and committees. Crisis committees are also subject to more variation in rules and experimentation than regular committees. One relatively common variant is the "midnight crisis," where delegates attend a committee session at night to respond to an emergency situation. There also may be crisis committees that interact with each other, where resolutions that are written impact debate in other committees. == Organization ==

Model United Nations conferences are usually organized by high school or college clubs. Some other model united nations conferences are organized by a group of youth, and not affiliated with any educational institutions, such as Equity MUN. == Model UN by region and country ==

Model United Nations originated in the United States, but it has since spread across the globe. Because Model UN is decentralized and has grown autonomously around the world, there are significant differences in how MUN is done between regions. Africa Botswana The majority of MUN conferences held in Botswana are centered around the capital city, Gaborone. Model United Nations events have also happened online, with Youth International Conclave hosting an event to encourage more of the youth to take part. Nigeria Lagos Model United Nations is one of Africa's pioneer MUN Conferences. Set in Lagos, it is the largest MUN conference in West Africa and attracts over 400 delegates each year. The conference is hosted by the Faculty of Law, University of Lagos, and simulates up to 10 committees of the United Nations annually. The conference began in 2016, due to the desire of the founders to organize a conference in Nigeria, after participating in several model United Nations conferences worldwide, including National Model United Nations and Rome Model United Nations. Other countries Other conferences in Africa include NAIMUN in Marrakesh, Morocco. Established in August 2012 by a coalition of North African youths, NAIMUN is the largest student-run Model United Nations conference in Africa and the Middle East, with 4 sub-branches in Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria and Egypt. Asia-Pacific Afghanistan The Kabul Model United Nations was established in Kabul in 2012 The objectives are to bring young individuals together to discuss global issues and promote diplomacy, human rights, peacebuilding, and social welfare. Australia Model United Nations conferences in Australia are typically separated into tertiary and high school levels. At the high school level, the large majority of model United Nations events are organized by the various state and territory branches of UN Youth Australia through the Evatt competition or UN Youth various conferences and summits, or by the many branches of Rotary Australia. Bahrain The Bahrain Universities Model United Nations occurs yearly. It draws more than 200 delegates from local universities and from across the Middle East. Bangladesh Model United Nations has been practiced in Bangladesh since 2002, when the Model United Nations on Combating Terrorism – Bangladesh Model United Nations first took place. Since then, plenty of Model United Nations conferences have been held in the country. Model United Nations became a popular simulation in Bangladesh around 2013. MUN in Bangladesh grew rapidly after the formation of the first university-based MUN club of the country, Dhaka University Model United Nations Association, in 2011. Dhaka University National Model United Nations (DUNMUN) started in 2012. China Model United Nations first came to mainland China in 1995, when the China Foreign Affairs University held the country's first collegiate model United Nations conferences. Model UN arrived in mainland Chinese high schools in 2005, and it expanded rapidly. Peking University (PKU) students, after attending Harvard's HMUN, organized the first national model UN conference for high school students in mainland China. PKU's conference was initially backed by UNA-USA, however support was curtailed in 2010 due to the Great Recession. Between 2005 and 2010, national Model United Nations conferences such as those organized by PKU and the rival Fudan University in Shanghai drew high school students from around the country, who competed for limited spaces. Over time, lesser-known national conferences, as well as regional and even local conferences for high school students, began to develop and gradually spread to cities beyond Beijing and Shanghai. Most Model United Nations conferences in mainland China are organized through private or academic enterprises; however, some government-affiliated MUNs have also flourished, and recently, unofficial student-run grassroots conferences have begun to dominate the Chinese MUN scene. The Harvard MUN India hosted over 1700 attendees in 2019. Delegates also participate in the I.I.M.U.N. There are also various local model United Nations hosted by regional schools. Israel The first MUN conference in Israel was The Israel Middle East Model United Nations (TIMEMUN), held at Walworth Barbour American International School in 2000. Since then, many more high school conferences have opened throughout Israel. In 2008, Reichman University established the first United Nations Model Club at the academic level in Israel. Since then, university-level MUN in Israel has grown to include over 10 universities and colleges and is led by the Israeli Model United Nations Association. Some universities hold a yearly conference of their own, such as Tel Aviv University's TLVMUN. Kuwait The American Creative Academy Model United Nations (ACAMUN), the American School of Kuwait Model United Nations (ASKMUN), and the Bayan Bilingual School Model United Nations (BBSMUN) are the most popular Model United Nations organizations in the state of Kuwait amongst high school students. Comparatively, the American University of Kuwait Model United Nations (AUKMUN) is the leading Model United Nations organization amongst university and collegiate leveled people, with AUKMUN being recognized and well-respected by the United Nations in Kuwait due to the highly regarded submission of a proposal based on climate finance and cap-trade policies written by executive members. New Zealand A high number of high schools in New Zealand operate their own MUN events, with UN Youth New Zealand functioning as a managing organization. UN Youth NZ also organizes regional and national events, along with Aotearoa Youth Declaration, the Pacific Project, and New Zealand's THIMUN delegation. Oman In Oman, a variety of Model United Nations (MUN) conferences are organized annually, both in online and offline formats, providing students with numerous opportunities to engage in debating, diplomacy, and international relations. Among these, the Indian School Muscat Model United Nations (ISMMUN) holds particular significance as the largest school-run MUN conference in the Gulf region. Pakistan The first MUN in Pakistan was held in 2006 and since then, the number of MUN conferences in the country has grown, attracting participants from schools, colleges, and universities across the country. Some well-established MUNs in Pakistan include the Aitchison College Model United Nations (ACMUN), Youth International Conclave Model United Nations, and Karachi Grammar School Model United Nations (KGSMUN). The Aitchison College Model United Nations Society was established in 2009. They have won the overall Best Delegation at HMUN China for two years in a row, and for a record third time. Another major conference in Pakistan is the "Lahore University of Management Sciences Model United Nations" in Lahore, Pakistan which hosts more than 400 delegates. United Arab Emirates The United Arab Emirates Universities Model United Nations occurs yearly. It draws more than 300 delegates from local universities and from across the Middle East. Many schools also have their own MUN conferences, including DIAMUN at Dubai International Academy, NMSMUN at GEMS New Millennium School and GFSMUN at GEMS Founders School Dubai. Dubai International Academy Model United Nations is the largest student led Model United Nations conference in the MENA region, hosting more than 700 delegates from across the world at its annual conference. Vietnam There has been an increasing number of conferences, including invitational ones such as UNISMUN, SAMSUN, and many other non-invitational ones. These conferences are often organized by schools or student-led organizations with varying scales and exclusivity. One of the most inclusive Model United Nations conferences in the country is the Vietnam National Model United Nations (VNMUN), open to not only Vietnamese in all parts of the country but also international students studying around the world. Europe Denmark MUN is relatively popular in Denmark, with BIGMUN being the largest conference in Scandinavia. Germany MUN is popular amongst university and high school students in Germany. Examples include the Model United Nations of Munich (MunoM) since 2004 and the country's largest conference, Oldenburg Model United Nations (OLMUN). Most model United Nations Conferences in Germany debate in English. Exceptions to that are high school conferences including the ones organized by (DMUN e.V.) in Stuttgart (MUNBW), Kiel (MUNSH), and Potsdam (MUNBB), as well as the ones organized by (SvEN, Simulation Vereinte Nationen). At the college level, BIMUN/SINUB in Bonn takes place as a multi-lingual conference with live interpretation. The Technical University of Munich's MUNTUM e.V., alongside MUNAM e.V. from LMU Munich, organizes IsarMUN, a large annual conference targeted towards University and high-school students across the world. Every year, usually at the end of February, the MUN conference BayernMUN (Engl. BavariaMUN) takes place at the Nuremberg Castle in Nuremberg. Organised by the United Nations Society Nuremberg (UNSN) e. V., BayernMUN welcomes about 150 to 200 pupils and students not only from Bavaria and Germany, but even from abroad, including students from overseas universities. Ireland MUN is very popular in Ireland and it is mainly secondary school students who participate, primarily in Dublin. There are two international Conferences in Ireland, Saint Andrew’s International MUN and Wesley College Dublin MUN. SAIMUN takes place in mid February while WCDMUN is in march. Irish schools also attend the Royal Russel International MUN in Croydon and Saint Andrew’s attends THIMUN. The Netherlands The largest secondary school MUN conference in the Netherlands is The Hague International Model United Nations (THIMUN) conference, which includes over 3500 participants, coming from around 200 schools and 100 countries. Although it is not located near the United Nations Headquarters in New York, it is one of the pioneer model United Nations conferences in the world, since it has been founded in 1968and located in the International Court of Justice's (ICJ) world city of The Hague. A whole network of conferences is marked by its THIMUN affiliation, a label which describes the universality of the procedures that rule the conference, and make it part of the UN recognized foundation. In 1995, the THIMUN Foundation was accredited as a Non-Governmental Organisation (NGO) associated with the United Nations Department of Global Communication. Additionally, THIMUN has established its own conferences' network throughout time: THIMUN Qatar, THIMUN Singapore, THIMUN Online MUN (O-MUN) and THIMUN Latin America conferences have been set up from 2005. Additionally, the Netherlands hosts continental Europe's oldest university level MUN conference: The European International Model United Nations (TEIMUN) in the Hague, in addition to other large university level MUN conferences, such as the prestigious European Model United Nations (EuroMUN) in Maastricht. Portugal The Iberian Model United Nations (IMUN), held in Lisbon, is the largest MUN in Portugal and one of the largest high school MUN conferences in Europe. IMUN's keynote speakers have included politicians, diplomats, United Nations officials, and rights activists, such as author Richard Zimler, U.S. Ambassador Robert A. Sherman, Spain MUN first arrived in Spain in 2006 with the organization of the Catalonia Model United Nations (C'MUN) in Barcelona. In 2019, Madrid hosted the Harvard World Model United Nations (WorldMUN), and among the 2,300 participants were 500 Spanish students belonging to 20 different universities. Madrid's bid for WorldMUN was led by the Spanish Alliance for Model United Nations (SAMUN), which reunited the students of the four public universities of Madrid: Complutense University of Madrid, Autonomous University of Madrid, Charles III University of Madrid and King Juan Carlos University. Other MUN events across Canada include University of Toronto Model United Nations (UTMUN), a conference held annually in January at the University of Toronto, and the Secondary School United Nations Symposium (SSUNS) at McGill University in Montreal. United States Model United Nations is popular across the United States, with MUN clubs and conferences being found in every region. However, because Model UN is decentralized and has grown autonomously, there are significant disparities in how MUN is done between regions. South America Brazil The Americas Model United Nations (AMUN) was the first MUN Conference to be held in Latin America, accomplishing 21 years of history in 2018 with the edition Bring Walls Down, Build Up Connections. Peru At the university level, Model United Nations started in Peru in 2006 with the United Nations Studies Circle (CENU), a college team from the University of Lima founded to compete at Harvard National Model United Nations. This team would evolve into a full-scale organization, the Peruvian Association for the Study of the United Nations (AENU Peru for its Spanish acronym), a non-for-profit NGO charged with task of promoting MUN in Peru and creating Peru's first "National Delegation", thus creating the Peruvian Universities Debate Team (PU). Starting their new trademark since 2011, PU's has garnered the Best Large Delegation award at Harvard World Model United Nations 2014 held in Brussels, Belgium, and the Best Large Delegation award at Harvard National Model United Nations - Latin America 2017, held in Lima, Peru. In 2014, the Peruvian Debate Society (PDS) was founded by experienced MUN delegates as a new alternative towards competing in Harvard International Relations Council conferences. PDS has achieved the Best Large Delegation award at Harvard National Model United Nations Latin America in 2018. At high school level, MUN has been an extracurricular activity since 2012, with the first high school conference Lima Model United Nations (LiMUN) 2012, followed by Villa Maria Model United Nations (VMMUN) 2015, Newton Model United Nations (NewMUN) 2015, and Carmelitas Model United Nations 2015, being the latter school the host for the first Ivy League Model United Nations Conference Peru (ILMUNC 2016). Each school delegation hosts its own conference, including Lima, Cusco, Arequipa and Piura. == Notable participants ==

• Ban Ki-moon, former Secretary-General of the United Nations • Chelsea Clinton, former first daughter of the United States • George Stephanopoulos, television journalist and former adviser to U.S. President Bill Clinton • Joel Stein, American journalist, former writer for the Los Angeles Times and regular contributor to Time • Kiyotaka Akasaka, former UN Under-Secretary-General for Communications and Public Information • Nick Fuentes, American far-right political commentator • Pierre Poilievre, leader of the Conservative Party of Canada and Leader of the Official Opposition of Canada • Paul Ryan, former speaker of the United States House of Representatives, 2012 US vice-presidential nominee, and former congressman from Wisconsin • Rainn Wilson, actor best known for playing Dwight Schrute on NBC's The Office • Stephen M. Schwebel, former judge and president of the International Court of Justice • Suzan G. LeVine, former U.S. Ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein • Tom Donilon, former National Security Advisor in the Obama administration • Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands, King of the Netherlands == See also ==