The building that is now the home of the
Museo Nacional del Prado was designed in 1785 by architect of the
Enlightenment in Spain Juan de Villanueva on the orders of
Charles III to house the Natural History Cabinet. Nonetheless, the building's final function was not decided until the monarch's grandson,
Ferdinand VII, encouraged by his wife, Queen
María Isabel de Braganza, decided to use it as a new Royal Museum of Paintings and Sculptures. The royal museum, which would soon become known as the National Museum of Painting and Sculpture, and subsequently the Museo Nacional del Prado, opened to the public for the first time in November 1819. It was created with the double aim of showing the works of art belonging to the Spanish Crown and to demonstrate to the rest of Europe that Spanish art was of equal merit to any other national school. Also, this museum needed several renovations during the 19th and 20th centuries, because of the increase of the collection as well as the increase of the public who wants to see all the collection that the museum hosted. The first catalogue of the museum, published in 1819 and solely devoted to Spanish painting, included 311 paintings, although at that time the museum housed 1,510 from the various royal residences, the Reales Sitios, including works from other schools. The exceptionally important royal collection, which forms the nucleus of the present-day , started to increase significantly in the 16th century during the time of
Charles V and continued under the succeeding Habsburg and Bourbon monarchs. Their efforts and determination led to the royal collection being enriched by some of the masterpieces now to be seen in the Prado. These include
The Descent from the Cross by
Rogier van der Weyden,
The Garden of Earthly Delights by
Hieronymous Bosch,
The Nobleman with his Hand on his Chest by
El Greco,
Death of the Virgin by
Mantegna,
The Holy Family, known as "
La Perla", by
Raphael,
Equestrian Portrait of Charles V by
Titian, ''
Christ Washing the Disciples' Feet'' by
Tintoretto,
Dürer's
Self-portrait at 26,
Las Meninas by Velázquez,
The Three Graces by Rubens, and
The Family of Charles IV by Goya. In addition to works from the Spanish royal collection, the other holdings increased and enriched the museum with further masterpieces, such as the two Majas by Goya. Among the now closed museums whose collections have been added to that of the Prado were the
Museo de la Trinidad in 1872, and the
Museo de Arte Moderno in 1971. In addition, numerous legacies, donations and purchases have been of crucial importance for the growth of the collection. Various works entered the Prado from the Museo de la Trinidad, including
The Fountain of Grace by the School of Van Eyck, the Santo Domingo and San Pedro Martír altarpieces painted for the monastery of Santo Tomás in Ávila by
Pedro Berruguete, and the
five canvases by El Greco executed for the Colegio de doña María de Aragón. Most of the Museum's 19th-century paintings come from the former Museo de Arte Moderno, including works by the Madrazos,
José de Madrazo and
Federico de Madrazo,
Vicente López,
Carlos de Haes,
Eduardo Rosales and
Sorolla. Upon the deposition of
Isabella II in 1868, the museum was nationalized and acquired the new name of "". The building housed the royal collection of arts, and it rapidly proved too small. The first enlargement to the museum took place in 1918. Since the creation of the more than 2,300 paintings have been incorporated into its collection, as well as numerous sculptures, prints, drawings and works of art through bequests, donations and purchases, which account for most of the New Acquisitions. Numerous bequests have enriched the museum's holdings, such as the outstanding collection of medals left to the museum by Pablo Bosch; the drawings and items of decorative art left by Pedro Fernández Durán as well as
Van der Weyden's masterpiece,
Duran Madonna; and the Ramón de Errazu bequest of 19th-century paintings. Particularly important donations include Barón Emile d'Erlanger's gift of Goya's Black Paintings in 1881. Among the numerous works that have entered the collection through purchase are some outstanding ones acquired in recent years including two works by El Greco,
The Fable and
The Flight into Egypt acquired in 1993 and 2001, Goya's
The Countess of Chinchon bought in 2000, Velázquez's
Portrait of Ferdinando Brandani, acquired in 2003, Bruegel's ''
The Wine of Saint Martin's Day'' bought in 2010 and Fra Angelico's
Madonna of the Pomegranate purchased in 2016. by
Aniceto Marinas (1899), dominating the Velázquez entrance Between 1873 and 1900, the Prado helped decorate city halls, new universities, and churches. During the
Second Spanish Republic from 1931 to 1936, the focus was on developing provincial museums. During the
Spanish Civil War, upon the recommendation of the
League of Nations, the museum staff removed 353 paintings, 168 drawings and the Dauphin's Treasure and sent the art to
Valencia, then later to
Girona, and finally to
Geneva. The art had to be returned across French territory in night trains to the museum upon the commencement of World War II. During the early years of the dictatorship of
Francisco Franco, many paintings were sent to embassies. The main building was enlarged with short pavilions in the rear between 1900 and 1960. The next enlargement was the incorporation of two buildings (nearby but not adjacent) into the institutional structure of the museum: the
Casón del Buen Retiro, which is equipped to display up to 400 paintings and which housed the bulk of the 20th-century art from 1971 to 1997, and the
Salón de Reinos (Throne building), formerly the Army Museum. In 1993, an extension proposed by the Prado's director at the time, Felipe Garin, was quickly abandoned after a wave of criticism. In the late 1990s, a $14 million roof work forced the Velázquez masterpiece
Las Meninas to change galleries twice. In 1998, the Prado annex in the nearby Casón del Buen Retiro closed for a $10 million two-year overhaul that included three new underground levels. In 2007, the museum finally executed
Rafael Moneo's project to expand its exposition room to 16,000 square meters, hoping to increase the yearly number of visitors from 1.8 million to 2.5 million. A glass-roofed and wedge-shaped foyer now contains the museum's shops and cafeteria, removing them from the main building to make more room for galleries. The enlargement is an underground building which connects the main building to another one entirely reconstructed. In November 2016, it was announced that British architect
Norman Foster, in a joint project with Carlos Rubio Carvajal, is to renovate the
Hall of Realms, which once formed part of the Buen Retiro palace and transform it into a $32 million extension of the Prado. The museum announced the selection of Foster and Rubio after a jury reviewed the proposals of the eight competition finalists—including
David Chipperfield,
Rem Koolhaas and
Eduardo Souto de Moura— who had already been shortlisted from an initial list of 47 international teams of architects. The building was acquired by the Prado in 2015, after having served as an army museum until 2005. The project is designed to give the Prado about 61,500 square feet of additional available space, of which about 27,000 square feet will be used to exhibit works. ==Historic structure==