National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (Undergraduate)

] Before NEET (UG) was implemented nationwide, states conducted their own entrance tests and some medical colleges like such as AIIMS, JIPMER, IMS-BHU and CMC Vellore conducted their own entrance exams. NEET was initially proposed to take place from 2012 onwards. However, for several reasons, the CBSE and Medical Council of India deferred NEET by a year. The test was announced by the Government of India and was held for the first time on 5 May 2013 across India for students seeking admission for both undergraduate and postgraduate medicine. On 18 July 2013, the Supreme Court ruled in favor of 115 petitions and cancelled the NEET exam and announced that the MCI could not interfere with the admission process done by colleges. Following the announcement from the Medical Council of India that it would introduce the NEET-UG exam in 2012, several states including Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Gujarat, West Bengal and Tamil Nadu strongly opposed the change, stating that there was a huge variation in the syllabus proposed by the MCI and their state syllabi. Even though NEET 2016 is conducted in English and Hindi, it was announced that students can write exams in Tamil, Telugu, Marathi, Bengali, Assamese and Gujarati languages from 2017 onwards. Kannada and Odia languages are added to the list so that students can write the exams in nine Indian languages and English. The Supreme Court of India quashed the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET) for admissions into all medical and dental colleges on 18 July 2013. The apex court ruled that the Medical Council of India cannot conduct a unified examination. According to a 2013 announcement by CBSE, CBSE planned to conduct AIPMT on 4 May 2014. The final decision on NEET UG was planned to be taken after the verdict of the Supreme Court of India. The Central Board of Secondary Education announces the results and the All India Merit List for NEET-UG. The merit list and the waiting list are prepared as per the directives of the Supreme Court of India, DGHS, MCI and DCI. The results for 2013 were announced on 5 June. NEET was declared illegal and unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of India in 2013. However, it was restored on 11 April 2016, after a five-judge Constitution bench recalled the earlier verdict and allowed the Central Government and the Medical Council of India (MCI) to implement the common entrance test until the court decides afresh on its validity. Phase One Test (2016) The All India Pre Medical Test, also known as AIPMT, held on 1 May 2016, was considered as the first phase of the NEET. Students who registered for Phase One were given a chance to appear for the next phase of NEET held on 24 July 2016, but with a condition that candidates have to give up their NEET Phase 1 score. The above dates are as per the order of the Supreme Court. == Exam pattern and structure ==

There are a total of 180 questions asked in the exam, 45 questions each from Physics, Chemistry, Botany and Zoology. Each correct response fetches 4 marks and each incorrect response gets -1 negative marking. The exam duration is 3 hours (180 min). The exam is of 720 marks (maximum marks). ==Syllabus==

NEET (UG) syllabus consists of the core concepts of Physics, Chemistry and Biology taught in classes 11 and 12 as prescribed by the NCERT. == Organizing body ==

The National Testing Agency (NTA) has been made the nodal agency for conduct of all India competitive exams and conducts NEET (UG) from 2019. The Central Board of Secondary Education conducted NEET between 2013 and 2018 before the setting of NTA. == Opposition and Criticisms ==

The introduction of NEET has received opposition from some entities, most notably the state of Tamil Nadu. The bulk of the major political parties represented in the state, including the AIADMK and the ruling DMK have expressed resistance to the test on multiple grounds. Notably many of these states had regional State Boards which taught slightly different materials in the 11th and 12th grade posing a significant disadvantage for aspirants. Albert P'Rayan writing for The Hindu criticized NEET for introducing a Unified Standard Testing Examination that has encouraged the emergence of various coaching institutions in India which end up favoring the rich, urban and of those part of the historical Indian upper caste. A 2023 report that interviewed 38 of the top 50 in NEET-2023, revealed that all but one had undergone some level of coaching. Among the 50, 29 belonged to the general category and 37 of the 50 also studied in urban area schools and reported investing significant amounts of money in coaching. To address these disparities, initiatives like the National Level Common Entrance Examination (NLCEE) stepped in, offering free online coaching during the COVID-19 pandemic. NEET-UG has also been criticized for not setting up a minimum qualifying percentage for each individual subject. A 2017 report that analyzed the results of 1,990 students who got admitted to MBBS with 0, single digit and negative marks in individual subjects through heavy donations. == Number of applicants==

== Exam cutoff and reservation==

Each year in the NEET exam, a substantial number of candidates qualify by meeting the minimum percentile-based criteria set by the NTA which only makes them eligible for counselling. However, the number of MBBS seats available is far lower: only about 60,000 seats for government medical college and 58,000 seats for private medical colleges in India. This causes a steep gap: many who qualify according to the eligibility criteria still do not get admission because the actual cutoff for admission into a college (based on marks, category, rank and seat availability) is much higher than the qualifying cutoff. This means only about 2.73% of students actually get a government sponsored medical seat. Many private medical seats go unfilled each year because of extremely high education fee, even though millions of students qualify NEET. While government medical colleges charge around to , private MBBS fee can go upwards of . Over 1,700 private medical seats in Uttar Pradesh alone were left vacant during the mop-up round solely due to unaffordable fee, lack of educational loans and government funding; also considering the socio-economic condition of Indian population, it is extremely difficult to cash a private medical seat. == Colleges and medical seats ==

As per the orders of the Supreme Court and the NMC Act 2019, a single medical entrance exam is conducted all over India for admission into medical and dental colleges. Colleges and universities will not be able to conduct their own medical entrance exam and will accept students based on the All India Rank obtained in NEET-UG. After the declaration of the results, an All India Rank (AIR) is allotted to each candidate and a merit list is released. The National Medical Commission conducts counselling (allotment of seats according to merit and candidate choice) for 15% state seats, central institutes and deemed universities. The counselling for remaining 85% state quota seats and private colleges is done by the medical boards of respective states. States prepare their separate merit list on basis of NEET-UG results. The total number of seats offered combining Gov. and under NEET as of 2024 are 196,515 (109,170 for MBBS, 28,088 for BDS, 52,720 for AYUSH and 6537 for BVSc). == Courses ==

Under NEET(UG) following courses can be taken by a candidate: • Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MBBS) • 5.5 years duration • Note: MBBS is the only legally recognised evidence based physician qualification in India which is internationally accepted. The programme is listed in the World Directory of Medical Schools, making graduates eligible for international medical licensure, such as by Educational Commission for Foreign Medical Graduates (ECFMG), Medical Council of Canada (MCC), etc. • Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) • 5 years duration • Note: BDS is a legally recognised dental qualification in India based on evidence based dental science, accepted for dental practice in India. International recognition is subject to state specific licensing policies. • Bachelor of Ayurvedic Medicine and Surgery (BAMS) • 5.5 years duration • Note: BAMS is a legally recognised qualification for Ayurveda in India under the AYUSH system; however, it is classified as a pseudoscience and is not aligned with modern evidence-based medical science and has limited to no recognition internationally. • Bachelor of Homeopathic Medicine and Surgery (BHMS) • 5.5 years duration • Note: BHMS is a legally recognised qualification for Homeopathy in India under the AYUSH system; however, it is classified as a pseudoscience and is not aligned with modern evidence-based medical science and has limited to no recognition internationally. • Bachelor of Naturopathy and Yoga Sciences (BNYS) • 5.5 years duration • Note: BNYS is a legally recognised qualification for Naturopathy in India under the AYUSH system; however, it is classified as a pseudoscience and is not aligned with modern evidence-based medical science and has limited to no recognition internationally. • Bachelor of Unani Medicine and Surgery (BUMS) • 5.5 years duration • Note: BUMS is a legally recognised qualification for Unani medicine in India under the AYUSH system; however, it is classified as a pseudoscience and is not aligned with modern evidence-based medical science and has limited to no recognition internationally. • Bachelor of Siddha Medicine and Surgery (BSMS) • 5.5 years duration • Note: BSMS is a legally recognised qualification for Siddha medicine in India under the AYUSH system; however, it is classified as a pseudoscience and is not aligned with modern evidence-based medical science and has limited to no recognition internationally. • Bachelor of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry (BVSC & AH) • Note: BVSC is a legally recognised and scientific veterinary medical qualification in India and is accepted internationally, subject to national licensing regulations. • 5.5 years duration • Bachelor of Physiotherapy (BPT) • 5 years duration • Note: BPT is a legally recognised and evidence based healthcare degree focused on Physiotherapeutic management of conditions and is accepted for primary care practice in India and first contact practice internationally. • Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSc. nursing) • 4 years duration and in India • Note: B.Sc Nursing is a legally recognised, evidence based healthcare degree for professional nursing practice accepted globally and in India. ==NEET 2024 controversy==

Paper leak The exam paper for the 2024 NEET-UG exam was allegedly leaked a day before the exam in Patna, Bihar. On 5 May 2024, the day of the exam, an FIR was filed at the Shastri Nagar police station in Patna. According to police officials, the paper leak gang allegedly charged to from several candidates, providing them with the question papers, claimed to be those of NEET-UG, a day prior for memorization. The police have arrested several suspects in connection with the paper leak. On 22 June, the NTA chief, Subodh Kumar Singh, was removed from his position. The Ministry of Education handed over the case related to the leak to the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI). The CBI, on 18 July has carried out various arrests including four MBBS students from AIIMS Patna and a civil Engineering student from NIT Jamshedpur (Pankaj Kumar) in connection to the paper leak and solving of the leaked paper. On 19 July, a first year MBBS student (Surabhi Kumari) from RIMS Ranchi who was allegedly involved in solving the paper. The CBI so far has arrested 36 persons in relation to the NEET Paper leak case. Several examinees received scores of 718 or 719, which students argued was mathematically impossible under the exam marking scheme. The NTA later clarified that 1,563 examinees, including six toppers from the same center, were awarded compensatory marks for lost time. Examinees at some centers in Haryana, Delhi, and Chhattisgarh complained that they were given less than the allotted time to complete their examination and filed writ petitions before the High Courts of Punjab & Haryana, Delhi, and Chhattisgarh. Petitions filed in the Supreme Court Several petitions were filed in the High Courts of different states and the Supreme Court of India, including one by Alakh Pandey, co-founder of the ed-tech company Physics Wallah. On 13 June 2024, the Supreme Court of India allowed the cancellation of the scorecards of the 1,563 candidates who were given grace marks and ordered a re-test for those candidates. A Bench of Chief Justice of India DY Chandrachud with Justices JB Pardiwala and Manoj Misra dealt with the matter. On 8 July, the CJI led bench of the Supreme court ordered the CBI Investigation officer to file an Investigation report and scheduled the next hearing for July 11 which was later postponed to 18 July. The petitions requesting re NEET were heard on 8 July, 11 July, 22 July as well as 23 July. The Supreme Court of India led by Chief Justice DY Chandrachud upheld the examinations and said that there was no indication of a widespread leak all over the country. == See also ==