List of butterflies of Australia

Family: Papilionidae (swallowtails) – 18+2 species [*2 non-continental species] Papilioninae : subfamily: Papilioninae :: tribe: Leptocircini (formerly Graphiini) ::: genus: Protographium :::*Four-barred swordtail, Protographium leosthenes (Doubleday, 1846) – pictured ::::P. l. leosthenes (Doubleday, 1846) ::: genus: Graphium (swordtails) :::* Five-barred or chain swordtail, Graphium aristeus (Stoll, 1780) :::* Macleay's swordtail, Graphium macleayanus (Leach, 1814) :::: G. m. macleayanus (Leach, 1814) :::* Blue triangle, Graphium sarpedon (Linnaeus, 1758) – pictured :::* Pale triangle, Graphium eurypylus (Linnaeus, 1758) :::: G. e. nyctimus (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) :::: G. e. lycanoides (Rothschild, 1895) :::* Green triangle, Graphium macfarlanei (Butler, 1877) :::* Green-spotted triangle, Graphium agamemnon (Linnaeus, 1758) :::* Orchard swallowtail, Papilio aegeus (Donovan, 1805) – pictured :::: P. a. aegeus (Donovan, 1805) :::* Ambrax swallowtail, Papilio ambrax (Boisduval, 1832) :::* Fuscus swallowtail, Papilio fuscus (Goeze, 1779) :::: P. f. canopus (Westwood, 1842) :::: P. f. capaneus (Westwood, 1843) :::: P. f. indicatus (Butler, 1876) :::* Ulysses swallowtail, Papilio ulysses (Linnaeus, 1758) [*native to Norfolk Island] :: tribe: Troidini (Aristolochia-eating swallowtails) ::: genus: Cressida :::* Clearwing swallowtail, Cressida cressida (Fabricius, 1775) :::: C. c. cressida (Fabricius, 1775) :::* Cairns birdwing, Ornithoptera euphorion (Gray, 1853) :::: O. p. pronomus (Gray, 1853) ::: genus: Pachliopta :::* Red-bodied swallowtail, Pachliopta polydorus (Linnaeus, 1763) ==Pieridae: whites and yellows==

family: Pieridae (whites and yellows) – 35+2+1 species [†1 introduced species] Pierinae: whites : subfamily: Pierinae (whites) :: tribe: Elodinini ::: genus: Elodina (pearl-whites) :::* Southern pearl-white, Elodina angulipennis (H. Lucas, 1852) :::* Cape York pearl-white, Elodina claudia (de Baar & Hancock, 1993) :::* Narrow-winged pearl-white, Elodina padusa (Hewitson, 1853) :::* Striated pearl-white, Elodina parthia (Hewitson, 1853) :::* Glistening pearl-white, Elodina queenslandica (de Baar & Hancock, 1993) ::: genus: Pieris :::* †Small cabbage white, Pieris rapae (Linnaeus, 1758) – pictured right :::: D. a. argenthona (Fabricius, 1793) :::* Yellow-banded Jezebel, Delias ennia (Wallace, 1867) :::: D. e. nigidius (Miskin, 1884) :::: D. e. tindalii (Joicey & Talbot, 1926) :::* Imperial Jezebel, Delias harpalyce (Donovan, 1805) :::: D. m. onca (Fruhstorfer, 1910) :::* Black Jezebel, Delias nigrina (Fabricius, 1775) ::* Yellow migrant, Catopsilia gorgophone (Boisduval, 1836) ::: C. g. gorgophone (Boisduval, 1836) ::: E. p. virgo (Wallace, 1867) ::* Large grass-yellow, Eurema hecabe (Linnaeus, 1758) ::* *Three-spot grass yellow, Eurema blanda (Boisduval, 1836) [*native to Christmas and Darnley Islands] ==Riodinidae: metalmarks==

family: Riodinidae (metalmarks) – 1 species Nemeobiinae : subfamily: Nemeobiinae :: genus: Praetaxila ::* Harlequin metalmark, Praetaxila segecia (Hewitson, 1861) – pictured right ::: P. s. punctaria (Fruhstorfer, 1914) ==Lycaenidae: gossamer-winged blues and coppers==

family: Lycaenidae (gossamer-winged blues and coppers) – 142+7 species Miletinae: harvesters : subfamily: Miletinae (harvesters) :: tribe: Liphyrini ::: genus: Liphyra :::* Moth butterfly, Liphyra brassolis (Westwood, 1864) – pictured right :::: L. b. major (Rothschild, 1898) Theclinae: hairstreaks : subfamily: Theclinae (hairstreaks) :: tribe: Luciini ::: genus: Lucia :::* Chequered copper, Lucia limbaria (Swainson, 1833) ::: genus: Paralucia :::* Bright copper, Paralucia aurifera (Blanchard, 1848) :::* Fiery copper, Paralucia pyrodiscus (Doubleday, 1847) :::* Purple or Bathurst copper, Paralucia spinifera (Edwards & Common, 1978) – pictured right ::: genus: Pseudodipsas :::* Bright forest-blue, Pseudodipsas cephenes (Hewitson, 1874) :::* Dark forest-blue, Pseudodipsas eone (C. & R. Felder, 1865) :::: P. e. iole (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) :::* Golden ant-blue, Acrodipsas aurata (Sands, 1997) :::* Bronze ant-blue, Acrodipsas brisbanensis (Miskin, 1884) :::* Decima ant-blue, Acrodipsas decima Miller and Lane, 2004 :::* Black ant-blue, Acrodipsas hirtipes (Sands, 1980) :::* Mangrove or Illidge's ant-blue, Acrodipsas illidgei (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) :::* Small ant-blue, Acrodipsas myrmecophila (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1913) ::: genus: Hypochrysops (jewels) :::* Copper jewel, Hypochrysops apelles (Fabricius, 1775) :::: H. a. apollo (Miskin, 1891) :::* Yellow jewel, Hypochrysops byzos (Boisduval, 1832) :::* Cyane jewel, Hypochrysops cyane (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) :::: H. d. delicia (Hewitson, 1875) :::* Silky jewel, Hypochrysops digglesii (Hewitson, 1874) :::: H. e. elgneri (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1909) :::* Mangrove jewel, Hypochrysops epicurus (Miskin, 1876) – pictured right :::* Turquoise jewel, Hypochrysops halyaetus (Hewitson, 1874) :::* Fiery jewel, Hypochrysops ignita (Leach, 1814) :::: H. i. erythina (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) :::* Bulloak jewel, Hypochrysops piceata (Kerr, Macqueen & Sands, 1969) :::* Royal jewel, Hypochrysops polycletus (Linnaeus, 1758) :::* Peacock jewel, Hypochrysops pythias (C. & R. Felder, 1865) :::* Large moonbeam, Philiris diana (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) :::: P. f. kurandae (Waterhouse, 1903) :::* Blue moonbeam, Philiris nitens (Grose-Smith, 1898) :::: P. n. nitens (Grose-Smith, 1898) :::* Bright oak-blue, Arhopala madytus (Fruhstorfer, 1914) :::* White oak-blue, Arhopala wildei (Miskin, 1891) :::* Sapphire azure, Ogyris aenone (Waterhouse, 1902) :::* Satin azure, Ogyris amaryllis (Hewitson, 1862) :::* Bright purple azure, Ogyris barnardi (Miskin, 1890) :::* Large bronze azure, Ogyris idmo (Hewitson, 1862) :::* Northern purple azure, Ogyris zosine (Hewitson, 1853) :::* Turquoise hairstreak, Jalmenus clementi (Druce, 1902) :::* Emerald hairstreak, Jalmenus daemeli (Semper, 1879) :::* Northern hairstreak, Jalmenus eichhorni (Staudinger, 1888) :::* Imperial hairstreak, Jalmenus evagoras (Donovan, 1805) :::* Jalmenus eubulus Miskin, 1876 :::* Waterhouse's hairstreak, Jalmenus lithochroa (Waterhouse, 1903) ::: genus: Pseudalmenus :::* Silky hairstreak, Pseudalmenus chlorinda (Blanchard, 1948) :: tribe: Deudorigini ::: genus: Deudorix :::* Dark cornelian, Deudorix epijarbas (Moore, 1858) – pictured right :::: D. e. dido (Waterhouse, 1934) :::* Bright cornelian, Deudorix diovis (Hewitson, 1863) :::: D. e. agimar (Fruhstorfer, 1908) ::: genus: Rapala :::* Indigo flash, Rapala varuna (Horsfield, 1829) – pictured right :::: R. v. simsoni (Miskin, 1874) :::* Dark pencil-blue, Candalides consimilis (Waterhouse, 1942) :::: C. c. toza (Kerr, 1967) :::* Copper pencil-blue, Candalides cyprotus (Olliff, 1886) :::: C. c. cyprotus (Olliff, 1886) :::* Varied dusky-blue, Candalides hyacinthina (Semper, 1879) :::: C. h. gilesi (Williams & Bollam, 2001) :::* Twin dusky-blue, Candalides geminus (Edwards & Kerr, 1978) :::* Small dusky-blue, Candalides erinus (Fabricius, 1775) :::* Spotted dusky-blue, Candalides delospila (Waterhouse, 1903) :::* Rayed blue, Candalides heathi (Cox, 1873) :::* Golden-rayed blue, Candalides noelkeri (Braby & Douglas, 2004) ::: genus: Nesolycaena (opals) :::* Dark opal, Nesolycaena medicia (Miskin, 1891) :::* Spotted opal, Nesolycaena urumelia (Tindale, 1922) :::* Kimberley spotted opal, Nesolycaena caesia (d'Apice & Miller, 1992) :: tribe: Lycaenestheni ::: genus: Anthene (ciliate-blues) :::* Dark ciliate-blue, Anthene seltuttus (Röber, 1886) :::: A. s. affinis (Waterhouse & RE Turner, 1905) :::* Pale ciliate-blue, Anthene lycaenoides (C. Felder, 1860) :::: N. b. berenice (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) :::: E. l. lineata (Murray, 1874) [*native to Murray Island] ::: genus: Psychonotis :::* Small green-banded blue, Psychonotis caelius (C. Felder, 1860) :::: T. h. hesperia (Sibatani & Grund, 1978) :::: T. m. miskini (T. P. Lucas, 1889) :::* Cycad blue, Theclinesthes onycha (Hewitson, 1865) :::* Samphire blue, Theclinesthes sulpitius (Miskin, 1890) ::: genus: Catochrysops (pea-blues) :::* Cobalt pea-blue, Catochrysops amasea (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) ::: genus: Lampides :::* Long-tailed pea-blue, Lampides boeticus (Linnaeus, 1767) ::: genus: Leptotes (synonyms Tarucus and Syntarucus) :::* Plumbago blue, Leptotes plinius (Fabricius, 1793) ::: genus: Zizeeria :::* Spotted grass-blue, Zizeeria karsandra (Moore, 1865) ::: genus: Zizina :::* Common grass-blue, Zizina labradus (Godart, 1824) :::: Z. l. labradus (Godart, 1824) [*native to Christmas Island] ::: genus: Famegana :::: Black-spotted grass-blue, Famegana alsulus (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) ::: genus: Everes :::* Orange-tipped pea-blue, Everes lacturnus (Godart, 1824) ::: genus: Pithecops :::* Pied blue, Pithecops dionisius (Boisduval, 1832) ::: genus: Megisba :::* Small pied blue, Megisba strongyle (C. Felder, 1860) :::: E. c. cnidus (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) :::: F. p. putli (Kollar, 1844) ==Nymphalidae: brush– or four-footed==

family: Nymphalidae (brush– or four-footed) – 81+6 species Morphinae : subfamily: Morphinae :: tribe: Amathusiini ::: genus Taenaris :::* Pearl owl, Taenaris artemis (Snellen van Vollenhoven, 1860) :::: T. a. jamesi (Butler, 1876) ::: subtribe: Mycalesiti ::::* Dusky bush-brown, Orsotriaena medus (Fabricius, 1775) ::::: H. a. angustata (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) ::::* Hypocysta pseudirius (Butler, 1875) ::::: N. l. leprea (Hewitson, 1864) ::::* Oreixenica kershawi (Miskin, 1876) ::::* Oreixenica ptunarra (Couchman, 1953) :::: genus: Geitoneura ::::* Ringed xenica, Geitoneura acantha (Donovan, 1805) ::::* Heteronympha merope (Fabricius, 1775) ::::* Heteronympha paradelpha (Lower, 1893) ::::* Heteronympha penelope (Waterhouse, 1937) ::::* Heteronympha solandri (Waterhouse, 1904) :::: genus: Tisiphone ::::* Tisiphone abeona (Donovan, 1805) Charaxinae: leafwings : subfamily: Charaxinae (leafwings) :: genus: Charaxes ::* Orange emperor, Charaxes latona (Butler, 1865) :: genus: Polyura ::* Tailed emperor, Polyura sempronius (Fabricius, 1793) [*native to Christmas Island] Apaturinae : subfamily: Apaturinae :: genus: Apaturina ::* Apaturina erminea (Cramer, 1779) Heliconiinae: longwings : subfamily: Heliconiinae (longwings) :: tribe: Acraeini ::: genus: Acraea :::* Glasswing, Acraea andromacha (Fabricius, 1775) :: tribe: Vagrantini ::: genus: Vindula :::* Cruiser, Vindula arsinoe (Cramer, 1777) ::: genus: Cupha :::* Bordered rustic, Cupha prosope (Fabricius, 1775) Nymphalinae : subfamily: Nymphalinae :: genus: Doleschallia ::* Leafwing, Doleschallia bisaltide (Cramer, 1777) :: genus: Hypolimnas ::* Blue-banded eggfly, Hypolimnas alimena (Linnaeus, 1758) ::: H. a. darwinensis (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) ::: H. a. albula (Wallace, 1869) – pictured right :: genus: Yoma ::: Yoma sabina parva (Butler, 1876) :: genus: Vanessa ::* Painted lady, Vanessa cardui (Linnaeus, 1758) – pictured right :: genus: Mynes ::* Jezebel nymph, Mynes geoffroyi (Guérin-Méneville, 1830) :: genus: Neptis ::* Yellow-eyed plane, Neptis praslini (Boisduval, 1832) :: genus: Phaedyma ::* White-banded plane, Phaedyma shepherdi (Moore, 1858) ::: L. g. nicevillei (Olliff, 1891) Danainae: milkweed butterflies : subfamily: Danainae (milkweed butterflies) :: tribe: Danaini (tigers and crows) ::: genus Tirumala :::* Blue tiger, Tirumala hamata (W. S. Macleay, 1826) D. philene (Stoll, 1782) :::: D. c. cratippus (C. Felder, 1860) :::: E. a. enastri (Fenner, 1991) :::: E. a. monilifera (Moore, 1883) :::* Common crow, Euploea core (Cramer, 1780) :::* Small brown crow, Euploea darchia (W. S. Macleay, 1826) :::* Two-brand crow, Euploea sylvester (Fabricius, 1793) [*native to Dauan Island] :: tribe: Tellervini ::: genus Tellervo :::* Hamadryad, Tellervo zoilus (Fabricius, 1775) :::: Cairns hamadryad, Tellervo zoilus zoilus (Fabricius, 1775) :::: Cape York hamadryad, Tellervo zoilus gelo (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) ==Hesperiidae: skippers==

family: Hesperiidae (skippers) – 121+1 species Pyrginae: spread-winged skippers : subfamily: Pyrginae (spread-winged skippers) (Burmeister, 1878) :: genus: dusk-flats, Chaetocneme (C. Felder, 1860) ::: C. c. sphinterifera (Fruhstorfer, 1910) :: genus: Euschemon (Doubleday, 1846) :: genus: Exometoeca ::* Western flat, Exometoeca nycteris (Meyrick, 1888) :: genus: Netrocoryne ::* Bronze flat, Netrocoryne repanda (C. & R. Felder, 1867) :: genus: Tagiades ::* Pied flat, Tagiades japetus (Stoll, 1781) ::* *Papuan snow flat, Tagiades nestus (C. Felder, 1860) :: genus: Badamia ::* Narrow-winged or brown awl, Badamia exclamationis (Fabricius, 1775) ::: H. d. mastusia (Fruhstorfer, 1911) ::* Common banded awl, Hasora chromus (Cramer, 1780) ::: H. k. haslia (Swinhoe, 1899) ::* Broad-banded awl, Hasora hurama (Butler, 1870) ::* Herimosa albovenata (Waterhouse, 1903) ::* Proeidosa polysema (Lower, 1908) ::* Pseudoborbo bevani (Moore, 1878) :: genus: Antipodia ::* Antipodia atralba (Tepper, 1882) ::* Croitana arenaria (Edwards, 1979) previously Anisynta (Lower, 1911) ::* White-veined sand-skipper, Anisynta albovenata (Waterhouse, 1940) ::* Mottled grass-skipper, Anisynta cynone (Hewitson, 1874) ::* Montane grass-skipper or mountain skipper, Anisynta monticolae (Olliff, 1890) :: genus: Hesperilla ::* Hesperilla chrysotricha (Meyrick & Lower, 1902) ::* Hesperilla idothea (Miskin, 1889) ::* Hesperilla sexguttata (Herrich-Schäffer, 1869) ::* Mesodina cyanophracta (Lower, 1911) ::* Mesodina halyzia (Hewitson, 1868) :: genus: Motasingha ::* Motasingha dirphia (Hewitson, 1868) ::* Neohesperilla xiphiphora (Lower, 1911) :: genus: Signeta ::* Signeta flammeata (Butler, 1882) ::* Toxidia melania (Waterhouse, 1903) :: genus: Trapezites ::* Silver-spotted ochre, Trapezites argenteoornatus (Hewitson, 1868) ::* Orange ochre, Trapezites eliena (Hewitson, 1868) ::* Small orange ochre, Trapezites heteromacula (Meyrick & Lower, 1902) ::* Northern silver ochre, Trapezites maheta (Hewitson, 1877) ::* Black-ringed ochre, Trapezites petalia (Hewitson, 1868) ::* Sandstone ochre, Trapezites taori (Atkins, 1997) Hesperinae: grass skippers : subfamily: Hesperinae (grass skippers) ::* Mimene atropatene (Fruhstorfer, 1911) ::: N. w. proserpina (Butler, 1883) ::: O. a. ardea (Bethune-Baker, 1906) ::* Ocybadistes hypomeloma (Lower, 1911) ::* Ocybadistes walkeri (Heron, 1894) :: genus: Suniana ::* Suniana lascivia (Rosenstock, 1885) ::* Suniana sunias (C. Felder, 1860) ::: A. d. iris (Waterhouse, 1903) ::* Telicota eurotas (C. Felder, 1860) ::* Sabera dobboe (Plötz, 1883) ::* Pelopidas lyelli (Rothschild, 1915) ::* Borbo impar (Mabille, 1883) ::: B. i. lavinia (Waterhouse, 1932) ::: B. i. tetragaphus (Mabille, 1891) ==Remote islands species==

Australia has 8,222 islands within her maritime borders. This is small in comparison with her northern neighbour Indonesia, with about 18,300 islands (high geological activity is constantly adding and removing Indonesian islands). The British Isles include more than 6,000 islands over a much smaller area. The Greek islands include about as many islands depending on the minimum size to take into account, but in an even smaller area. ===Christmas Island (105°E)=== • Christmas swallowtail, Papilio memnon (Linnaeus, 1758) ===Torres Strait islands (142–144°E)=== ; Dauan Island (Dauan, 142.5°E) • Violet line-blue, Nacaduba calauria (C. Felder, 1860) (also on Murray Island) • White-brand crow, Euploea netscheri (Snellen, 1889) • Gracile line-blue, Prosotas gracilis (Röber, 1886) ; Saibai Island (Saibai, 142.7°E) • Silky owl, Taenaris catops (Westwood, 1851) – (also on Darnley Island) ; Yorke Island (Masig, 143.4°E) • Spotted crow eggfly, Hypolimnas antilope (Cramer, 1777) (also on Murray Island) ; Darnley Island (Erub, 143.7°E) • Papuan grass-yellow, Eurema blanda (Boisduval, 1836) (also on Christmas Island) • Papuan snow flat, Tagiades nestus (C. Felder, 1860) • Banded evening brown, Melanitis amabilis (Boisduval, 1832) • Papuan cerulean, Jamides nemophila (Butler, 1876) • Bold line-blue, Nacaduba pactolus (C. Felder, 1860) (also on Murray Island) • Silky owl, Taenaris catops (Westwood, 1851) (also on Saibai Island) ; Murray Island (Mer, 144.0°E) • Papuan evening brown, Melanitis constantia (Cramer, 1777) • Dark green-banded blue, Nothodanis schaeffera (Eschscholtz, 1821) • Violet line-blue, Nacaduba calauria (C. Felder, 1860) (also on Dauan Island) • Spotted crow eggfly, Hypolimnas antilope (Cramer, 1777) (also on Yorke Island) ===Norfolk Island (168°E)=== • Norfolk swallowtail, Papilio amynthor (Boisduval, 1859) ==Glossary==

• aestivation – summer dormancy • anal vein – sixth wing vein, parallel to dorsum • androconia — • apical area — • apical claw — • apical spurs — • apiculus — • bifid – two-pronged • discal cell — • imago – adult insect; fully grown, sexually mature ==Major collections==

Museums outside of Australia with significant Australian butterfly collections • UK British Museum: 25,000 Australian butterflies; includes specimens collected by Joseph Banks, Walter Rothschild and Cajetan and Rudolf Felder. • UK Hope Entomology Collections, Oxford University Museum of Natural History: 1,600 Australian butterflies. • RF Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris: 10,000 Australian butterflies; includes specimens collected by Hans Fruhstorfer. • BRD :de:Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe: 5,000–10,000 Australian butterflies. • USA Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University: substantial Australian butterfly holdings, though numbers have not been estimated; includes specimens collected by RG Wind and Harry Kendon Clench. ==See also==