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Odysseas Elytis

Odysseas Elytis was a Greek poet, man of letters, essayist and translator, regarded as the definitive exponent of romantic modernism in Greece and the world. He is one of the most praised poets of the second half of the twentieth century, with his Axion Esti "regarded as a monument of contemporary poetry". In 1979, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature.

Biography
Panayiotis Alepoudelis and his younger brother Thrasyboulos were both born in the village Kalamiaris of Panagiouthas of Lesbos. Their family had become well-established in the industries of soap manufacturing and olive oil production in Heraklion, Crete in 1895. In 1897 Panagyiotis married Maria E. Vrana (1880–1960) from the village Papados of Gera, Lesbos. From this union and as the last of six siblings, Odysseas was born in the early hours of 2 November 1911. In 1914, the Alepoudelis family moved to Athens (at Solonos 98B), where his father re-situated the soap factory in Piraeus. In 1918, his older sister and firstborn, Myrsine (1898–1918), died of the Spanish influenza. While on summer holidays from their Athens home as guests on the island of Spetses in the Haramis home in the St Nikolaos neighbourhood, his own father also died in the summer of 1925 from pneumonia. His father, Panayiotis, may have been the inspiration for Elytis to write. Apparently, his father wrote poetry and it remained unpublished. In 1927, worn out with overtiredness, Odysseas was diagnosed with tuberculosis. While in bed recuperating, he voraciously read all the Greek poetry he could and in this year discovered Cavafy. In 1928, he graduated from high school and successfully passed the competitive entrance exams for the Law School at the University of Athens. He read in the newspapers about the suicide of the poet Kostas Karyotakis. In 1929, Elytis took a sabbatical between high school and university and decided secretly that he must only become a poet. In 1930, he and his family moved to Moschonision 14B. Elytis had initial aspirations to become a lawyer, but did not sit for his final examinations and did not get his legal qualification. He also had expressed aspirations to become a painter in the manner of the surrealists, but his family quickly thwarted this idea. In 1935, Elytis published his first poem in the journal New Letters (Νέα Γράμματα) at the prompting of such friends as George Seferis. In the same year, he also became a lifelong friend of writer and psychoanalyst Andreas Embirikos, who allowed him to have access to his vast library of books. In 1977, two years after the death of his friend, Elytis wrote a tribute book to Embirikos from within the commonalities that founded their ideas, aptly titled "Reference to Andreas Embirikos" and originally published by Tram publishers in Thessaloniki. His entry to the magazine New Letters in 1935 was in November, which was the 11th issue, and with his pseudonym Elytis established himself therein. With a distinctively earthy and original form in his expression, Elytis assisted in inaugurating a new era in Greek poetry and its subsequent reform after the Second World War. Programme director for ERT He was twice Programme Director of the Greek National Radio Foundation (1945–46 and 1953–54), Member of the Greek National Theatre's Administrative Council, President of the Administrative Council of the Greek Radio and Television as well as Member of the Consultative Committee of the Greek National Tourists' Organisation on the Athens Festival. In 1960 he was awarded the First State Poetry Prize, in 1965 the Order of the Phoenix and in 1975 he was awarded the Doctor Honoris Causa in the Faculty of Philosophy at Thessaloniki University and received the Honorary Citizenship of the Town of Mytilene. Travels In 1948–1952 and 1969–1972, he lived in Paris. There, he audited philology and literature seminars at the Sorbonne and was well received by the pioneers of the world's avant-garde (Reverdy, Breton, Tzara, Ungaretti, Matisse, Picasso, Françoise Gilot, Chagall, Giacometti) as Tériade's most respected friend. Teriade was simultaneously in Paris publishing works with all the renowned artists and philosophers (Kostas Axelos, Jean-Paul Sartre, Françoise Gilot, René Daumal) of the time. Elytis and Teriade had formed a strong friendship that solidified in 1939 with the publication of Elytis' first book of poetry entitled "Orientations". Both Elytis and Teriade hailed from Lesbos and had a mutual love of the Greek painter Theophilos. Starting from Paris, he travelled and subsequently visited Switzerland, England, Italy and Spain. In 1948, he was the representative of Greece at the International Meetings of Geneva, in 1949 at the Founding Congress of the International Art Critics Union in Paris, and in 1962 at the Incontro Romano della Cultura in Rome. Iliopoulou is an activist for children throughout the world, imparting her knowledge whenever she is able to. She is a successful artist in her own right, translating and composing her own works and giving poetry recitals at the Theocharakis Foundation in Athens. The funeral was held the next day after his death. The funeral was jammed with people who had loved his poetry. He was buried in a family grave beside his family, including his mother and brother. Iliopoulou, as his life partner, inherited the immovable property in real estate of Elytis, which consisted of four apartments and the trustee power of copyrights to his work. She has been promoting Elytis with excellence in his legacy. Elytis was survived in his bloodline by his niece Myrsine (from his oldest brother Theodoros, born 1900) and his next in line older brother Evangelos. This brother (1909–2002) also received a writ of condolence from the mayor of Athens on behalf of the nation at the funeral at the First Cemetery of Athens. ==Poetry==
Poetry
Elytis' poetry has marked, through an active presence of over forty years, a broad spectrum of subject matter and stylistic touch with an emphasis on the expression of that which is rarefied and passionate. He borrowed certain elements from Ancient Greece and Byzantium but devoted himself exclusively to today's Hellenism, of which he attempted—in a certain way based on psychical and sentimental aspects—to reconstruct a modernist mythology for the institutions. His main endeavour was to rid people's conscience from unjustifiable remorses and to complement natural elements through ethical powers, to achieve the highest possible transparency in expression and finally, to succeed in approaching the mystery of light, the metaphysics of the sun of which he was a "worshiper"-idolater by his own definition. A parallel manner concerning technique resulted in introducing the inner architecture, which is evident in a great many poems of his, mainly in the landmark work It Is Truly Meet (Το Άξιον Εστί). This work, due to its setting to music by Mikis Theodorakis as an oratorio, is a revered anthem whose verse is sung by all Greeks for all injustice, resistance and for its sheer beauty and musicality of form. Elytis' theoretical and philosophical ideas have been expressed in a series of essays under the title The Open Papers (Ανοιχτά Χαρτιά). Besides creating poetry, he applied himself to translating poetry and theatre as well as a series of collage pictures. Translations of his poetry have been published as autonomous books, in anthologies, or in periodicals in eleven languages. ==Works==
Works
Poetry • Orientations (Προσανατολισμοί, 1939) • Sun The First Together With Variations on A Sunbeam (Ηλιος ο πρώτος, παραλλαγές πάνω σε μιαν αχτίδα, 1943) • An Heroic And Funeral Chant For The Lieutenant Lost In Albania (Άσμα ηρωικό και πένθιμο για τον χαμένο ανθυπολοχαγό της Αλβανίας, 1962) • To Axion Esti—It Is Worthy (Το Άξιον Εστί, 1959) • Six Plus One Remorses For The Sky (Έξη και μια τύψεις για τον ουρανό, 1960) • The Light Tree And The Fourteenth Beauty (Το φωτόδεντρο και η δέκατη τέταρτη ομορφιά, 1972) • The Sovereign Sun (Ο ήλιος ο ηλιάτορας, 1971) • The Trills of Love (Τα Ρω του Έρωτα, 1973) • Villa Natacha {published in Thessaloniki by Tram and dedicated to E Terade 1973] • The Monogram (Το Μονόγραμμα, 1972) • Step-Poems (Τα Ετεροθαλή, 1974) • Signalbook (Σηματολόγιον, 1977) • Maria Nefeli (Μαρία Νεφέλη, 1978) • Three Poems under a Flag of Convenience (Τρία ποιήματα με σημαία ευκαιρίας 1982) • Diary of an Invisible April (Ημερολόγιο ενός αθέατου Απριλίου, 1984) • Krinagoras (Κριναγόρας, 1987) • The Little Mariner (Ο Μικρός Ναυτίλος, 1988) • The Elegies of Oxopetra (Τα Ελεγεία της Οξώπετρας, 1991) • West of Sadness (Δυτικά της λύπης, 1995) Prose, essays • The True Face and Lyrical Bravery of Andreas Kalvos (Η Αληθινή φυσιογνωμία και η λυρική τόλμη του Ανδρέα Κάλβου, 1942) • 2x7 e (collection of small essays) (2χ7 ε (συλλογή μικρών δοκιμίων)) • (Offering) My Cards To Sight (Ανοιχτά χαρτιά (συλλογή κειμένων), 1973) • The Painter Theophilos (Ο ζωγράφος Θεόφιλος, 1973) • The Magic Of Papadiamantis (Η μαγεία του Παπαδιαμάντη, 1975) • Reference to Andreas Embeirikos (Αναφορά στον Ανδρέα Εμπειρίκο, 1977) • Things Public and Private (Τα Δημόσια και τα Ιδιωτικά, 1990) • Private Way (Ιδιωτική Οδός, 1990) • Carte Blanche («Εν λευκώ» (συλλογή κειμένων), 1992) • The Garden with the Illusions (Ο κήπος με τις αυταπάτες, 1995) • Open Papers: Selected Essays (Copper Canyon Press, 1995) (translated by Olga Broumas and T. Begley) Art books • The Room with the Pictures (Το δωμάτιο με τις εικόνες, 1986) – collages by Odysseas Elytis, text by Evgenios Aranitsis Translations • Second Writing (Δεύτερη γραφή, 1976) • Sappho (Σαπφώ) • The Apocalypse (by John) (Η αποκάλυψη, 1985) ==Translations of Elytis' work==
Translations of Elytis' work
Poesie. Procedute dal Canto eroico e funebre per il sottotenente caduto in Albania. Trad. Mario Vitti (Roma. Il Presente. 1952) • 21 Poesie. Trad. Vicenzo Rotolo (Palermo. Istituto Siciliano di Studi Bizantini e Neoellenici. 1968) • Poèmes. Trad. Robert Levesque (1945) • Six plus un remords pourle ciel. Trad. F. B. Mache (Fata Morgana. Montpellier 1977) • Körper des Sommers. Übers. Barbara Schlörb (St. Gallen 1960) • Sieben nächtliche Siebenzeiler. Übers. Günter Dietz (Darmstadt 1966) • To Axion Esti – Gepriesen sei. Übers. Günter Dietz (Hamburg 1969) • The Axion Esti. Tr. E. Keeley and G. Savidis (Pittsburgh 1974 – Greek & English)(repr. London: Anvil Press, 1980 – English only) • Lofwaardig is. Vert. Guido Demoen (Ghent 1989–1991) • The Sovereign Sun: selected poems. Tr. K. Friar (1974; repr. 1990) • Selected poems. Ed. E. Keeley and Ph. Sherrard (1981; repr. 1982, 1991) • Maria Nephele, tr. A. Anagnostopoulos (1981) • Çılgın Nar Ağacı, tr. C. Çapan (Istanbul: Adam Yayınları, 1983) • What I love: selected poems, tr. O. Broumas (1986) [Greek & English texts] • To Àxion Estí, tr. Rubén J. Montañés (Valencia: Alfons el Magnànim, 1992) [Catalan & Greek edition with notes] • Eros, Eros, Eros, Selected & Last Poems, tr. Olga Broumas (Copper Canyon Press, 1998) • The Collected Poems of Odysseus Elytis, tr. Jeffrey Carson & Nikos Sarris (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997, 2004) • The Oxopetra Elegies and West of Sorrow, tr. David Connolly (Harvard University Press - 2014) (Greek & English texts) ==Notes==
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