•
Biogeophysics – study of how plants, microbial activity and other organisms alter geologic materials and affect geophysical signatures. •
Exploration geophysics – the use of surface methods to detect concentrations of
ore minerals and
hydrocarbons. •
Geophysical fluid dynamics – study of naturally occurring, large-scale flows on
Earth and other
planets. •
Geodesy – measurement and representation of the Earth, including its gravitational field. •
Geodynamics – study of modes of transport
deformation within the Earth: rock deformation,
mantle convection,
heat flow, and
lithosphere dynamics. •
Geomagnetism – study of the
Earth's magnetic field, including its origin,
telluric currents driven by the magnetic field, the
Van Allen belts, and the interaction between the
magnetosphere and the
solar wind. •
Mathematical geophysics – development and applications of mathematical methods and techniques for the solution of geophysical problems. •
Mineral physics – science of materials that compose the interior of planets, particularly the Earth. •
Near-surface geophysics – the use of geophysical methods to investigate small-scale features in the shallow (tens of meters) subsurface. •
Paleomagnetism – measurement of the orientation of the
Earth's magnetic field over the geologic past. •
Planetary Science – science of studying planets, celestial bodies, and planetary systems and their properties and processes. •
Seismology – study of the structure and composition of the Earth through
seismic waves, and of surface deformations during
earthquakes and
seismic hazards. •
Tectonophysics – study of the physical processes that cause and result from plate tectonics. == History of geophysics ==