Painshill

Early history The earliest surviving record of Painshill is from 1548, when it appears as Payneshill in a Land Registry manuscript. The area may have been named after the Payne family, who owned part of the land in the late Middle Ages. A "Richard Payne" appears in the 1263 assizes documents and the name "John Payne" can be found in local subsidy rolls from 1332. In the 16th century, the area surrounding Painshill House was recorded as the "Painshill common field" and "The Paynes Hawe". Painshill was originally part of the manor of Walton-on-Thames, but had become separate by 1512, when a portion of the land was conveyed to Richard Foxe, then Bishop of Winchester. Foxe transferred his holding to Corpus Christi College, Oxford, which he founded in 1517. In 1539, Henry VIII expanded the Chase of Hampton Court, incorporating "parte of the or Village of Cobham in the of ". A survey of the chase from around 1540 identifies six areas within Painshill owned by the Crown, including the "Greate grove", of around , and "hale hill", the future site of the Grotto. Henry VIII died in 1547 and Painshill was subsequently divided into plots and leased. The two largest areas, the "Tenement at Payneshill" and the "Tenement at Coveham Bridge", became a single holding in 1570. Comprising around , the united tenement forms the core of the land at Painshill owned by Elmbridge Borough Council. A survey of March 1649 suggests that part of the area was being used as arable farmland, although there were still significant areas of woodland. There is also a record of a warren at Painshill in the 17th century. At the start of the 18th century, Painshill was divided between land leased from the Crown by Robert Gavell and a freehold property owned by the Smyther family. Gabriel, Marquis du Quesne, bought the Smythers' land in around 1717, by which time it consisted of two or three farms. Du Quesne is thought to have built a house and laid out a small garden, but he was ruined as a result of the collapse of the South Sea Company in 1720 and he sold Painshill to William Bellamy in 1725. Bellamy, a barrister at the Inner Temple, also started to lease the land owned by the Crown, which had become available following the death of Gavell in 1724. Creation of the park , A View from the West Side of the Island in the Garden of the Hon. Charles Hamilton Esq. at Painshill near Cobham in Surrey. Engraving. Yale Center for British Art, New Haven. |alt= A print of an engraving showing a wooden bridge spanning a body of water, with a small group in a rowing boat Charles Hamilton was born in 1704 in Dublin, the 9th son and 14th child of James Hamilton, 6th Earl of Abercorn. In 1718, he became a pupil at Westminster School, where he was a contemporary of John Petty, 1st Earl of Shelburne, the future owner of Bowood House. He began studying at Oxford University in 1720, where he formed friendships with Henry Hoare, who would later create the gardens at Stourhead, Wiltshire, and the brothers Stephen Fox, the future 1st Earl of Ilchester, and Henry Fox, the future 1st Baron Holland. After gaining a BA in 1723, Hamilton set off on his first Grand Tour in 1725 and, while in Rome, collected numerous artworks and became familiar with the landscape paintings of Claude Lorrain, Nicolas Poussin and Salvator Rosa. He returned from Europe two years later and became the member of the Irish House of Commons for Strathbane. In the early 19th century, Jane Austen and John Claudius Loudon visited the garden. Although Hamilton had received an income while working as Clerk Comptroller to Frederick, Prince of Wales, between 1738 and 1747, Bond Hopkins continued to invest in the park, constructing the Bath House and a boat house, as well as planting new trees. He died in 1794 and, three years later, the trustees of his estate sold Painshill to Robert Hibbert, a merchant. 19th and early 20th centuries , Pains Hill Surrey. 1824. Engraving. British Library, London. |alt= A country house on a hillside overlooking a lake Following Hamilton's departure in 1773, the subsequent owners had continued to allow visits to the park by members of the public. However, this access was withdrawn by William Moffat, who purchased Painshill from Robert Hibbert in around 1801. Moffat sold the estate in 1805 to Henry Luttrell, 2nd Earl of Carhampton, who moved to the property from Cobham Park. Luttrell was responsible for planting additional trees in several areas, including the Vineyard, the Amphitheatre and along the boundaries of the estate. He also planted an oak tree near the Grotto to commemorate the Battle of Waterloo and commissioned the construction of the Ice House. He died in 1821, but his widow continued to live at Painshill until her death in 1831, when it was sold to William Cooper. Cooper commissioned Decimus Burton to make alterations to Painshill House, reconfiguring the interior, so that the east-facing portico became the main entrance. Cooper also installed the Grade II-listed Waterwheel, manufactured by Bramah, to raise water from the River Mole to the lake. Cooper died in 1840, but his widow, Harriet, continued to live at Painshill until her death in 1863. The next owner was Charles Leaf, who bought the property nine years later and commissioned Norman Shaw to make further alterations to Painshill House. Leaf, who sold the estate to Alexander Cushney in 1887, was responsible for renting Painshill Cottage to Matthew Arnold from 1873. Arnold, a poet and cultural critic, lived in the cottage until his death in 1888. '' in 1897 but Alice Combe continued to live at Painshill until the start of the Second World War, when the park was requisitioned for the Canadian Army. By the late 1940s, many of the architectural features were in an advanced state of decay, and the garden was becoming overgrown. Osvald Sirén, a Swedish art historian, observed on a visit to Painshill in 1947 that the Grotto roof had fallen in and that the interior was "filled with rubbish". Of the Mausoleum little more than the foundations remained, the Temple of Bacchus was in danger of collapse, and the Turkish Tent and the Hermitage "had disappeared". The Waterwheel was still able to supply the lake with water, although the Cascade was no longer visible. In Sirén's opinion, the Gothic Tower was the "best preserved of the architectural monuments", and he suggests that it might already have been subject to restoration work by the late 1940s". In 1948, of Painshill were purchased from the trustees of the Combe estate by the Baroness de Veauce, who divided the land into lots and sold it to separate purchasers. Commercial forestry continued and part of the park was used as a pig farm. In 1973, the Girl Guides Association opened the Heyswood campsite on land that had originally formed part of the park, and in the mid-1970s, a fire gutted the interior of the Gothic Tower, destroying the roof and staircase. Restoration In the 1960s, concern about the state of the gardens at Painshill began to grow. A successful campaign was launched in the early 1970s to persuade the Historic Buildings Council for England to list the remaining buildings. Elmbridge Borough Council purchased in 1975 and secured a further in 1981. In acquiring the land, the council hoped to restore Painshill "as nearly as possible to Charles Hamilton's original design... for the benefit of the public and with the aim of making the Park a self-supporting enterprise." Painshill Park Trust was formed in 1981 to restore the park and gardens, and was granted a 99-year lease on the land that the borough council had acquired. Detailed botanical and archaeological surveys, as well as archive research, were undertaken to fully understand the layout of Hamilton's park and its subsequent development. The information gathered was used to prepare a restoration masterplan, published in early 1984. The intention of the trust was to have undertaken all major capital works by 1994 and for the restoration programme to have concluded within 15 years. The first project, the restoration of the Gothic Temple and the surrounding land, was completed in 1985. Much of the early work was undertaken by participants in a Manpower Services Commission scheme, students from Merrist Wood Agricultural College and volunteers, including a group from the British Trust for Conservation Volunteers. In June 1984, around of Hamilton's original estate was designated a Grade I Park and Garden on the register of historic parks and gardens maintained by Historic England. A planning application for parking facilities was submitted in 1984, but local opposition delayed approval until April 1993, when an inspector from the Department of the Environment overruled the objectors. National Lottery funding of £848,000 was secured in mid-1996 to construct the car park and visitor facilities, and Painshill was opened seven-days-a-week from April 1997. In early 1999, Painshill was awarded a Europa Nostra medal for the "exemplary restoration from a state of extreme neglect, of a most important 18th-century landscape park and its extraordinary garden buildings." Botanical history When Charles Hamilton purchased Painshill in 1737, much of the area was heathland with some areas of woodland. The park was created on two natural terraces to the north of the River Mole, where the acidic soil is primarily sandy with some clay, peat and silt. Hamilton began by trying to increase the fertility of the land, growing turnips on which sheep could graze. In a letter written in the 1760s, he describes how lawns were prepared by ploughing four or five times, before each acre (0.4 ha) was sowed with "six English bushels [around ] of the cleanest hayseed I could get and of fresh Dutch clover seed". , Groups of cypress and cedar trees at Painshill. . Drawing. Nationalmuseum, Stockholm. |alt= A sketch in charcoal and black ink showing group of tall cyprus and cedar trees (right) and smaller unidentifiable bushes and trees (left) Initially Hamilton was restricted to planting native trees, such as oak, elm, lime, beech, ash and chestnut, as well as naturalised pines and cedars. The Great Cedar, which he planted next to the lake, was around and in diameter in 2010, and is reputed to be the largest multi-stemmed cedar in Europe. In the mid-1740s, he began planting "exotics", non-native species of trees and shrubs, and he received two consignments of seeds from John Bartram, a horticulturalist in Philadelphia, in 1748 and 1756. North American species that Hamilton planted include white oaks, tulip trees and Nyssa species, which provided a vivid display of autumn colour. Hamilton also received plants from the Abbé Nolin, an adviser to Louis XV in Paris, who was able to source species from the French colonial empire. Arboreal restoration was focused on reintroducing species that Hamilton had used at Painshill, with two cedars imported from Pisa, Italy, and other plants provided by the Royal Horticultural Society from its nearby garden at Wisley. In May 2006, the John Bartram Heritage Collection of exotics on the Chinese Peninsula was awarded "national collection status" by the National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens. ==Overview==

Painshill (formally called Painshill Park) is a Grade I-listed park and landscape garden, around west of the centre of Cobham, Surrey. It is laid out as a circuit, which 18th-century visitors typical followed in a clockwise direction. It was created as a combined park and garden: The garden, centred on the northern shore of the lake, was highly cultivated and was described by some contemporary writers as the "pleasure ground"; the park lay to the west and to the north, and contained areas of woodland, although parts were also grazed by sheep. The two areas were complementary, as Thomas Whately wrote in 1770: "park and gardens at Painshill... mutually contribute to the beauty of several landskips [landscapes]..." An unusual feature is that Painshill House, which is not in public ownership, is not at the centre of the park and garden, and its location provided a degree of privacy for the owners of the estate. Unlike contemporary gardens at Stourhead and Stowe, Charles Hamilton did not intend Painshill to have a single unifying theme or narrative. Instead, as Stephanie Ross writes, Hamilton's garden offered "a series of engaging visual scenes with contrasting emotional tones and carefully composed visual surprises, but did not have a complex meaning that visitors were to puzzle out." The use of illusion is a key aspect of the design, and the planting was arranged to subtly restrict views across the park, producing a distorted perspective to give the impression of greater distance and scale. Ross cites the open-sided Gothic Temple as an example of a "managed surprise", from which the vista across the lake to the Five Arch Bridge and Turkish Tent opens up. She also notes that Painshill, like many 18th-century landscape gardens, cannot be seen in full from a single viewpoint and as a result "the visitor lacks a 'mental map' or sense of the whole." ==Features==

{{maplink |frame=yes |frame-align=center |frame-width=700 |frame-height=380 |frame-lat=51.3295 |frame-long=-0.4322 |zoom= 15 |overlay= |overlay-horizontal-alignment=left |overlay-vertical-alignment=top Lake The lake is at the centre of the garden and forms the setting for several of the follies, including the Gothic Temple and Grotto. It was developed in several stages from an existing pond or gravel pit, and the final part, the section in front of the Ruined Abbey, was not completed until the early 1770s. The water surface is about above the River Mole and there is a retaining dam between the two. The lake has a complex shape, which Michael Symes suggests was "ingeniously devised to furnish variety, illusion and surprise..." Whately observes that the lake "is never seen at once; but by its form, the disposition of some islands, and by the trees in them and on the banks, it always seems larger than it is..." The restoration programme included the removal of islands that had been added after Hamilton had sold the park. Vineyard The Vineyard, adjacent to the Ruined Abbey at the eastern end of the lake, was planted in the mid-1740s. For the first few years, productivity was low and so Hamilton recruited David Geneste, an experienced vine grower and Huguenot refugee from Clairac, France. Geneste introduced better cultivation methods and the quality of the wine improved as a result. He continued to work at Painshill until 1757. The Vineyard declined thereafter, and was overplanted with Scots pine in the early 19th century. Restoration was completed in 1992, when of new vines were planted, and the first full grape harvest took place in 1998. Amphitheatre The Amphitheatre is a formal oval lawn surrounded by evergreen trees and shrubs. It was restored in the late 1980s with species recorded on a plan of a similar area at Worksop Manor, drawn by Robert Petre in the late 1730s. It also features a mature cork oak that may have been planted after Hamilton had left Painshill. The Sabine Group, by Ivor Abrahams, is at the east end of the Amphitheatre and was unveiled in 1992. Sculpted in bronze, it depicts a young woman being abducted by a naked male, who is stepping over her protesting father. The original sculpture in this location, a half-size reproduction in lead of Abduction of a Sabine Woman by Giambologna, was removed from Painshill in the early 1950s, although sources disagree as to whether it was sold or stolen. Arthur Young, an agriculturist, wrote in 1768: "As the temple is on rising ground, and looks down upon the water, the beauty of the scene is greatly increased. In point of lightness, few buildings exceed this temple." In contrast Horace Walpole was less complimentary, casting doubt on the structure's authenticity, writing in 1761: "The whole is an unmeaning edifice... The Goths never built summerhouses or temples in a garden." The Gothic Temple was the first building at Painshill to be restored. When work started in 1983, it was supported by scaffolding and was close to collapse. The restoration, completed two years later, included the clearance of the hillside between the temple and the lake. File:The Gothic Temple, Painshill Park - geograph.org.uk - 4730896.jpg|The Gothic Temple from the west File:At Painshill 2025 022.jpg|Gothic Temple ceiling Ruined Abbey The Grade II-listed Ruined Abbey, on the northern side of the lake, was the last building to be constructed at Painshill by Hamilton and is not part of the circuit. It was built to conceal the unsuccessful brickworks and was completed in the early 1770s. Although it originally had a roof and a wall at the rear, The Chinese Bridge links the Chinese Peninsula to Grotto Island. It has nine spans, is around wide and has a total length of around . The name is a misnomer, based on the false premise that the cross bracing supporting the handrails is an Oriental motif, when in fact it is a Palladian style. Symes suggests that the misunderstanding is a reflection of the mid-18th century fashion for chinoiserie and notes that similar structures were common in landscape gardens in England during this period. The restoration of the Chinese Bridge was completed in 1988, but the structure was closed in 2023 after concerns were raised over the stability of the supporting pillars. Grotto The Grade II-listed Grotto, on Grotto Island, was constructed in the 1760s by Joseph Lane and is the largest in England. Richardson notes that, compared with its contemporaries, the Grotto at Painshill is "fairly monochromatic, allows in lots of light, contains no shellwork and includes many more stalactites." He suggests that Hamilton and Lane intended to create "a geologically convincing scheme." By the time the borough council had bought Painshill in the late 1970s, the Grotto was derelict and its internal decoration had disappeared. The roof is thought to have collapsed in the mid-1940s, after the lead flashing was sold to finance VE Day celebrations. and was completed in 2013. Mausoleum The Grade II-listed Mausoleum was built overlooking a meander in the River Mole and was designed to resemble a ruined Roman arch. In Hamilton's time, the recesses in the walls were occupied by funeral urns, a sarcophagus and other classical artifacts, and the surrounding area was planted with dark-leaved evergreens, including yews, to generate a sombre atmosphere. Walpole was critical of the structure, which he described as a columbarium, writing: "The Ruin... has great faults... The upper row of niches... are too high & in proportion more gothic than Roman. The [sic] pavement unluckily resembles a painted oil-cloth." In the late 1980s, a partial restoration was undertaken to stabilise the remains of the Mausoleum and to relay the original floor, although the main arch span was not reconstructed. Five Arch Bridge The Five Arch Bridge provides a focus for the views from the Gothic Temple and the Turkish Tent over the western part of the lake. The design was based on a drawing by Palladio of the Roman Ponte di Tiberio in Rimini, Italy. The original bridge was constructed in wood, plastered to appear as if made of stone. By the early 1980s, the structure had been replaced by an earth causeway, but an archaeological investigation, undertaken when the water level in the lake was low, was able to identify and survey the foundations of the original piers. In 2013, the bridge was reinstated in white concrete with copings in Portland stone. Cascade The Cascade is thought to have been completed around 1760 and may have been built by Joseph Pickford, the stonemason who constructed the Grotto at Claremont. It was designed to conceal the pipework that fed water raised from the Mole into the lake. Young wrote in 1768: "The water gushes in five or six streams, out of tufts of weeds, growing in the rock; really in the very taste of nature". Symes suggests that although the Cascade at Painshill is a relatively early example, Hamilton may have drawn inspiration from similar features at Virginia Water and Stowe. Waterwheel The design of the first waterwheel to raise water from the Mole to the lake at Painshill is attributed by Richard Pococke, a clergyman and writer, to Hamilton personally. In a travelogue published in 1889, Pococke describes the wheel as having "four spiral square pipes from the radius to the [sic]... it conveys the water to the axel where 'tis emptied, and the water is convey'd by pipes [to the lake]". The wheel was replaced in 1770 by a horse-operated pump, consisting of a series of buckets attached to a looped chain. This mechanism had been replaced by a new wheel by 1779, when Piper produced a detailed drawing. A third wheel was purchased in the 1780s or early 1790s, before the Waterwheel manufactured by Bramah was installed in the 1830s. The diameter undershot wheel cost £800 (equivalent to £ in ) and is Grade II listed. Hermitage The Hermitage was built to resemble a tree house when viewed from the front and is elevated above the sloping ground below. It has a thatched roof and is divided into a living room and bedroom. It is thought to be one of the earliest follies at Painshill and is first recorded in 1752 by Joseph Spence. John Parnell described the approach to the structure in 1763: "You strike into a wood of different firs, acacias, etc, and serpentining through it arrive at a hermitage formed to the front with the trunks of fir trees with their bark on, their branches making natural gothic windows." Hamilton employed a man to live in the building as a hermit for a period of seven years, but he was dismissed three weeks later after visiting a local inn. Although the ruins of the original structure were still present in 1897, Gothic Tower The Gothic Tower is at the far western corner of the park and is Grade II* listed. It is thought to have been inspired by a belvedere at Claremont, designed by John Vanbrugh in around 1716. The four-storey brick building was originally limewashed and was used by Hamilton to display part of his collection of sculptures. The tower was severely damaged by a fire in the mid-1970s, which destroyed the roof and staircase. The restoration project, begun in 1986 and completed in 1989, provided a tea room and exhibition space, as well as accommodation for a park ranger. Temple of Bacchus The Temple of Bacchus was completed by October 1762. It was based on the Maison carrée at Nîmes, France, and may have been designed by Robert Adam. It was built with Roman Doric columns and was intended to display the statue of Bacchus that Hamilton purchased in Rome. Whately described the temple and its setting in 1770 as "a scene polished to the highest degree of improvement". The statue was sold to William Beckford in 1792 and passed through several private owners before it was installed at Anglesey Abbey, Cambridgeshire, in 1928. The columns and frieze were removed from the temple and were relocated to form a new porch at Painshill House in 1925, although the rest of the structure remained standing until the late 1940s. A cast of the statue of Bacchus was installed at Painshill in 2008, and the Temple of Bacchus was rebuilt in 2018. Turkish Tent The Turkish Tent was installed at Painshill in around 1760. It was based on a design by Henry Keene and may have been inspired by a similar installation at Vauxhall Gardens. Clive Aslet and Nebahat Avcioğlu suggest that it represents the legendary Tent of Darius, in which Alexander the Great supposedly freed the women and slaves of Darius III after defeating the Persians in battle. In contrast, Mavis Collier and David Wrightson argue that Hamilton was simply following a fashionable trend of erecting Oriental-style tents, and Andrew Zega and Bernd H. Dams note that 18th-century landowners built these "inexpensive" structures "prolifically in their gardens, indiscriminately them as Tartar, Turkish, Siamese or Chinese." Excavation work in 1985 revealed the brick floor of the first tent, from which dimensions could be calculated. It was not possible to reinstate the structure on its original site, which is mostly part of the Heyswood campsite, and so the replacement was erected to the south wholly on borough council land. The current Turkish Tent is a rigid structure, supported by a circular brick internal wall and metal stanchions. The external parts of the new structure are made of fibreglass, instead of the original painted canvas. Visitor Centre The Visitor Centre was designed by the architectural firm, Feilden Clegg Bradley. The timber-clad building, which provides café facilities and a teaching area for schoolchildren, was completed in 2001. The footbridge over the Mole, between the car park and the Visitor Centre, was completed in mid-July 1997 and includes a drawbridge section to close the park at night. Designed by Kim Grady, it is built of tubular steel with splayed arches, one either side of the deck. It has a total span of around and is wide. It was part of a project funded by a National Lottery grant, that also included the construction of the ticket office. ==Cultural context==

at Chatsworth House: An engraving by Jan Kip and Leonard Knijff from 1699|alt= A print of an engraving of a bird's eye view of a country house surrounded by formal gardens with symmetrical areas of planting At the start of the 18th century, the majority of gardens in England were of the formal Baroque type, often focused on a rectangular parterre with areas of planting separated by evergreen hedging and gravel pathways. However, the economic climate of the period meant that this style was becoming increasingly unsustainable. The War of the Spanish Succession and the collapse of the South Sea Company contributed to the strain on the finances of the British state and the aristocracy, and early in Queen Anne's reign, Henry Wise was instructed to reduce the cost of maintaining the royal gardens by two thirds. Christopher Hussey, an architectural historian, writes that the emergence of landscape gardens "seems to be traceable to the common English predilections for seeking to effect economies... and for sport." In particular he notes that the new style allowed the land to be laid out for horse riding and carriage driving, and that "providing a grand static view from a window or terrace" was a lesser priority. The change in garden design was also influenced by the evolution of political philosophies in Britain. As the importance of the royal court diminished following the Glorious Revolution of 1688, landowners became more focused on developing their country estates. Charles Hamilton was part of a circle of Patriot Whigs connected to Frederick, Prince of Wales, many of whose members created landscape gardens in the early 18th century. This group included Richard Temple, 1st Viscount Cobham (owner of Stowe), Francis North, 1st Earl of Guilford (owner of Wroxton Abbey) and George Lyttelton, 1st Baron Lyttelton (owner of Hagley Hall). They, like many other Whigs, sought to redevelop their Baroque gardens, which they believed were too closely associated with the absolute monarchies of Europe. As Andrea Wulf, a historian of science, writes: "gardens like Painshill... allow you to experience, in its true glory, that revolutionary time when English gardeners dug up their topiary and planted a new world." , designed by Charles Hamilton for John Petty, 1st Earl of Shelburne |alt= A colour photograph of an artificial waterfall surrounded by rocks and plants Like many young aristocrats in the early 18th century, Hamilton visited continental Europe, embarking on two Grand Tours in 1725–1727 and 1731–1734. His ideas were shaped by the artworks that he encountered in Italy and by the landscapes of Claude Lorrain, Nicolas and Gaspard Poussin, and Salvator Rosa in particular. At Painshill, Stephanie Ross notes the similarities with paintings by Claude in the plan of the garden with the lake at its centre, and Paula Deitz suggests that the "quiet aloofness" of the Temple of Bacchus echoes the style of the same artist. H. F. Clark identifies Rosa's influence in the design of the Cascade, describing it as a "slice of the Alps... at the head of the lake", contrasting it to a similar feature that Hamilton designed at Bowood, which he likens to "a picture by Gaspard Poussin." William Robertson, an Irish architect who visited Painshill in 1795, also acknowledges the influence of landscapes on the garden, writing: "Mr Hamilton studied painting for the express purpose of improving this place and such was his passion for planning and ornamenting that he expended the greater part of a fine property on this place." Stephanie Ross argues that Hamilton did not set out to copy specific artworks, but instead used the techniques of landscape painting to create the vistas and scenes at Painshill. The ideal of the Picturesque began to influence garden design in England from the 1730s onwards. A forerunner of romanticism, it emphasised the importance of pictorial values in the creation and appreciation of artworks, buildings and landscapes, and challenged Enlightenment and rationalist views of aesthetics. One of its principal promoters, William Gilpin, defined Picturesque as "a term expressive of that peculiar kind of beauty, which is agreeable in a picture", and proposed that landscape should be viewed in the same way as a painting, incorporating ruggedness, variety, and architectural elements. Another advocate of the ideal, Uvedale Price, argued that the concept could be "applied to every object, and every kind of scenery, which has been or might be represented with good effect in painting." |alt= A colour photograph of a grassy track lined by evergreen trees, leading uphill to a four-storey brick tower Hussey describes Painshill as a "proto-Picturesque garden", and Hamilton's design of the Gothic Tower was certainly influenced by the work of John Vanbrugh, who was recognised by Price as one of the originators of the ideal. Several leading proponents of the Picturesque were complimentary of Hamilton's park and of the western part in particular, which Horace Walpole likens to a "kind of Alpine scene". He continues, "the walks seem not designed, but cut through the woods of pines; and the style of the whole is so grand, and conducted with so serious an air of wild and uncultivated extent, that when you look down on this seeming forest, you are amazed to find it contains a very few acres." Hamilton may have been influenced by the ferme ornée style, an early example of which was developed in the early 1730s by Philip Southcote at Woburn Farm, also in north Surrey. Whately visited the farm in 1770, noting that around were "adorned to the highest degree". The concept of a ferme ornée is described by Derek Clifford as "a genuine business-like farm, operating for profit as a farm... ornamented and equipped in such a way as to fulfil the function of a garden." David Watkin, an architectural historian, writes of Woburn Farm that "Visitors were confronted with cattle, sheep and poultry to emphasise the modest pastoral charms of rural life." Richard Pococke, the clergyman and writer, described Painshill in 1754 as a "most beautiful farm improvement", and Hamilton's park shares some similarities with Woburn Farm, including its circuit, its indirect paths and the fact that it could not be seen in its entirety from a single viewpoint. ==In art and in popular culture==

and Sawrey Gilpin, ''A view of Lord Hamilton's Landscape Garden at Painshill, Surrey, from the East end of the Lake with the Vineyard and Ruined Abbey''. Oil on canvas. |alt= An oil painting of a lake with a vineyard planted on the adjacent hillside, a gothic folly in the distance, and two horses and a dog in the foreground Several artists visited Painshill in the 18th century to draw and paint the garden. In the 1760s, William Woollett produced the engraving of the bridge that is now named after him, although the image may have been based on a sketch produced a few years before. Prints were distributed as part of a set, all by Woollett, entitled Six delightful Views of elegant Gardens. The popularity of the engraving meant that unauthorised copies and inferior reproductions were made, one of which appeared as a mirror image of the original in a collection of views of "" published by in Paris in the 1770s and early 1780s. Woollett's engraving of the bridge is one of three images to appear on the Frog Service produced for Catherine the Great in 1773–74. Vanity Fair, Black Mirror, Good Omens and Bridgerton. The park was used as a substitute for Hampstead Heath in Dorian Gray, released in 2009, and was used to film scenes for Suffragette, released in 2015. ==Notes==