Regional Municipality of Peel

was built from 1865 to 1866 The area was first settled in the early 1800s after being divided into townships in 1805; some of the townships came into existence later (to 1819). County of Peel was formed in 1851. It was named after Sir Robert Peel, the nineteenth-century Prime Minister of the United Kingdom. The townships that would eventually constitute Peel were initially part of York County in the Home District, and were designated as the West Riding of York in 1845. In 1867, Peel officially separated from York County. Peel County was dissolved in 1974. Brampton was virtually a village in 1834. The only building of consequence at the corner of Hurontario (now Main) and Queen Streets, today the centre of Brampton, was William Buffy's tavern. In fact, at the time, the area was referred to as "Buffy's Corners". All real business in Chinguacousy Township took place one mile distant at Martin Salisbury's tavern. By 1834, John Elliott laid out the area in lots for sale, and applied the name "Brampton" to the area, which was soon adopted by others. The Region of Peel was created by the government of Bill Davis in 1974 from the former Peel County, and was legislated to provide community services to the (then) rapidly urbanizing area of south Peel County (now Mississauga and Brampton). Most of Peel Region boundaries are the same as Peel County. Portions of the former Trafalgar Township in Halton County west of present-day Winston Churchill Boulevard to Ninth Line and south of Highway 407 to Dundas Street became part of Mississauga (forming western parts of Erin Mills and Meadowvale West, as well as Churchill Meadows from Town of Milton). ==Government and politics==

Senior administrators The senior administrators of the region are: • Nando Iannicca, Regional Chair • Gary Kent, Chief Administrative Officer • Sean Baird, Commissioner of Human Services • Nancy Polsinelli, Commissioner of Health Services • Davinder Valeri, Chief Financial Officer and Commissioner of Corporate Services • Kealy Deadman, Commissioner of Public Works • Patricia Caza, Commissioner of Legislative Service and Regional Solicitor Notable government decisions • In 2005, Peel Region approved without tender a $557 million waste management contract commitment lasting 20 years that can potentially allow it to dump garbage in Ontario landfill sites if Michigan bans Canadian trash. • In 2004, Peel Region began a more than $600 million waterworks expansion by conducting invited public tenders, one of Canada's largest in water and wastewater infrastructure. Seat assignment controversy Seats on Peel Regional council are not assigned to member municipalities according to population or tax contributions, and this has produced considerable controversy within the region. Mississauga currently comprises about 62 per cent of the region's population and says it contributes 66 per cent of the taxes, but had been assigned 10 of the 21 council seats (or 48 per cent) distributed among the municipalities, with Brampton receiving six and Caledon five. In June 2005, the provincial government passed legislation that will revise the composition of the council. Beginning in the 2006 municipal elections, one additional seat will be assigned to Brampton and two additional seats will be assigned to Mississauga, giving Mississauga 12 of the 24 seats assigned to municipalities. These numbers do not include the regional chair, who is appointed by council members. These changes are the result of a provincially appointed impartial arbitrator who noted: Mississauga council, led by former mayor Hazel McCallion, has argued that Peel Region is an unnecessary layer of government which costs Mississauga residents millions of dollars a year to support services in Brampton and Caledon. Mississauga council unanimously passed a motion asking the Province of Ontario to separate Mississauga from Peel Region and become a single-tier municipality, arguing, among other things, the need to keep property tax dollars within the city of Mississauga for the good of the future of the city. Opponents of Mississauga's position, including former Brampton mayor Susan Fennell, have argued that from the 1970s through the 1990s, Mississauga was the chief beneficiary of Peel's infrastructure construction projects — funded by taxpayers in all three municipalities — and it is now Brampton's turn to benefit, as it is growing faster than Mississauga, which is mostly built-out. As well, they have argued that common infrastructure, such as waste and water services, would be more efficiently managed at a regional level. Attempted dissolution On May 17, 2023, information leaked that Ontario premier Doug Ford intended to dissolve Peel Region and make the three lower-tier municipalities independent. Calls for Mississauga to be an independent city have existed for many years, including most notably by Mayor Bonnie Crombie, who called for that city to become a single-tier municipality since running for the position of mayor during the 2018 Mississauga municipal election. The following day the government officially announced their intention to dissolve the region. Subsequently, Municipal Affairs Minister Steve Clark tabled Bill 112, the Hazel McCallion Act, which would dissolve the region on January 1, 2025. The bill was fast-tracked through Parliament, bypassing the committee stage and going straight to third reading. This was criticized by the opposition, claiming that it prevented proper consultation with Peel Region residents. To prepare for the dissolution, the Ontario government convened a 5-member transition board tasked with providing recommendations on winding down the operations of the regional government. Brown had also demanded that Mississauga pay compensation to cover lost regional funding, which he claimed was critical to ensuring that an independent Brampton could function properly. Caledon mayor Annette Groves was completely opposed to the dissolution, claiming that Caledon was the "child of the divorce" and that they did not have the resources to function without regional funding. New Democrat MPP and municipal affairs critic Jeff Burch proposed having the rural areas of Caledon transferred to Dufferin County. It had been proposed that some regional services, such as paramedics, public health and police, continue to be shared among the single-tier municipalities after the dissolution. However, there were disagreements over how the services would be funded. Crombie has pushed for them to be funded using a pay-per-usage model, while Brown wanted them to remain under the current assessment formula model. After the transition board reported that the dissolution would cause heavy increases to municipal property taxes as a result of lost regional funding, the Ontario government announced that they would not continue with dissolving the region. ==Climate==

Factors that influence the climate The region's climate are influenced by various air masses and weather systems from other locations, proximity to Lake Ontario, topography and elevation (e.g. Niagara Escarpment, and Oak Ridges Moraine), and urban and rural land uses. The air masses and weather systems are the major factors in influencing the climate of the region. This is seen by the tendency for thunderstorms from the west to weaken/dissipate as they approach Toronto Pearson Airport, located in the southeastern part of the region. Temperature Temperatures are higher in the southern parts of Peel compared to the northern parts of the region. Annual temperatures are warmer in the south than in the northern parts of the region. This is due to the lower elevations found in the southern parts of the region, moderating effects of Lake Ontario, and more urbanization in the south (due to the urban heat island effect). In colder months, areas closer to Lake Ontario are warmer while in particularly in spring and summer, the same areas are cooler on many afternoons, owing to the moderating effect of the Lake. Precipitation Generally, the northwestern parts of Peel Region are the wettest areas both seasonally and annually while southern parts are the driest. Mean annual precipitation in the region ranges from in the northwest to in Mississauga in the south. The north–south precipitation gradient is primarily due to topographic and elevation differences, and some regional storm track differences. The regional storm track differences include the influence of the Great Lakes on summertime convective precipitation, northernmost extent to where tropical air progresses in winter, and positions of frontal zones in spring and autumn). These regional storm track differences are responsible for a slight rain shadow effect for most of Peel except for the northern parts which lie on the windward side and receive more precipitation from frontal systems moving from the west. In all seasons, precipitation mostly comes from low pressure systems from the mid-Atlantic states and Gulf of Mexico. == Demographics ==

As a census division in the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, the Regional Municipality of Peel had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of . With a land area of , it had a population density of in 2021. Ethnicity • Note: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses. Religion According to the 2021 Census, 44% of Peel's population was Christian, 14% was Sikh, 13% was Hindu, 13% was Muslim, 2% belonged to other faiths and 15% had no religious affiliation. Language According to the 2011 Census, 50.61% of Peel's population have English as mother tongue; Punjabi is the mother tongue of 8.92% of the population, followed by Urdu (3.84%), Polish (2.68%), Portuguese (2.29%), Tagalog (2.24%), Italian (2.09%), Spanish (2.08%), Arabic (1.96%), and Hindi (1.50%). ==Services==

The region is responsible for the services and infrastructure related to water delivery and wastewater treatment, waste collection and disposal, some arterial roads, public health, long-term care centres, Peel Regional Police, Peel Regional Paramedic Services, planning, public housing, paratransit, judicial and social services. Other municipal functions are provided by the three local-tier municipalities. These responsibilities have changed over time, as functions have been uploaded and downloaded to and from the provincial and regional levels, as directed by the Government of Ontario. Law enforcement • Peel Regional Police (PRP) provides police coverage for the majority of the region excluding Caledon as well as airport policing within Toronto Pearson International Airport (replaced the RCMP) • Ontario Provincial Police (OPP) mainly provides policing on: • Provincial highways (400 series): QEW - Winston Churchill Boulevard to Etobicoke Creek; Highway 401 - from Ninth Line to Highway 427; Highway 403 - from Dundas Street to Highways 410/401; Highway 409 - from Toronto-Pearson International Airport to Highway 427; Highway 410 - from Highway 403 to Highway 10 transition; (Other King's Highways): Highway 9 - from Highway 10 to Albion Trail; Highway 10 - from Highway 410 transition to Highway 9. • Patrols privately operated Highway 407 ETR from Highway 403 to Regional Road 50 • Fulfils a contract to police the town of Caledon. Other services Emergency medical services provided by Peel to the region's municipalities: Peel Regional Paramedic Services Formerly administered by the province, now in the hands of the region. Long Term Care Facilities are for seniors and others with long-term health needs: • The Davis Centre • Malton Village • Peel Manor • Sheridan Villa • Tall Pines Social Housing The Regional Municipality of Peel owns and operates Peel Living, a social housing corporation, which is the largest landlord in the region one of the largest in Canada. Public Works Peel manages the regions public works needs including: • Garbage and Recycling Programs. • Water works. • Road maintenance for many major roads — non-provincial roads. TransHelp The Region of Peel operates paratransit service for people with disabilities. Transhelp, which was formerly run for Miway in Mississauga, and Brampton Transit in Brampton. Convention transit is operated by the aforementioned transit systems. ==Transportation==

Highways Seven 400-Series Highways border or pass through Peel Region. These freeways are among the busiest and most modern of Ontario, mostly constructed since the 1970s, and have contributed significantly to the rapid growth of the Region. One of the welcome signs of Brampton has the slogan "All roads lead to Brampton" and shows six 400-series numbers (401, 403, 407, 409, 410, 427). 400-series freeways: • Highway 401 • Highway 403 • Highway 407 (ETR) • Highway 409 • Highway 410 • Highway 427 • Queen Elizabeth Way (QEW) Other highways: • Highway 9, which forms the northern boundary of the region • Highway 10 • Highway 50 which forms the eastern boundary of the region (Vaughan) south of Bolton. Note: Highway 50 is no longer officially a provincial highway and is now Peel Road 50. Peel Region has designated several roads as regional roads with a shield denoting the thoroughfare's number. Air The vast majority of Toronto Pearson International Airport (YYZ) is located within Mississauga, contrary to the airport's official name. The highway is directly accessible by Highways 409 and 427. A people mover connects the two terminals and Viscount station within the airport. Commuter rail Three of GO Transit's seven commuter rail lines stop in the region: • The Kitchener line, which runs between Toronto Union Station and the city of Kitchener in Waterloo Region has four stops in Peel Region; three in Brampton and one in Mississauga, at Mount Pleasant, Brampton, Bramalea and Malton, respectively. • The Milton line, which runs between Union and the town of Milton in Halton Region has six stations in Mississauga; Dixie, Cooksville, Erindale, Streetsville, Meadowvale and Lisgar. • The Lakeshore West line, which runs between Union and the city of Hamilton has two stations on Mississauga's Lakeshore; Port Credit and Clarkson. Long Branch, while technically on Toronto prior, is very close to Toronto city limits and is served by MiWay bus routes. Express trains between Union and Niagara Falls via St. Catharines stop at Port Credit but skip Clarkson on their way to and from Oakville. Bus rapid transit The Mississauga Transitway is a 12-stop bus transitway that follows Highway 403 and Eglinton Avenue. GO Transit suburban bus routes and Mississauga Transit local routes use the transitway to connect Toronto, particularly Etobicoke, to Mississauga's City Centre and vice versa. Future The Hurontario LRT is an under-construction north-south light rail transit line that will parallel Hurontario Street. It will have 19 stations along 16 kilometres of trackage, connecting the Lakeshore West line's station at Port Credit to the Milton line's station at Cooksville, Mississauga's City Centre, the Mississauga Transitway and its large bus terminal at Highway 403 and Brampton Transit at Brampton Gateway Terminal at Hurontario's intersection with Steeles Avenue. The Dundas Street BRT is a proposed bus rapid transit line to follow Dundas Street between Kipling station in Etobicoke, Toronto and Ontario Highway 6 Hamilton's unincorporated town of Waterdown. Bus routes operated by the cities of Hamilton, Burlington, Oakville, Mississauga and Toronto would supposedly use this transitway, although construction on the project has not commenced and has no deadline. The Queen Street BRT is a proposed extension of the existing Highway 7 rapidway operated by York Region Transit's viva into the city of Brampton's downtown. It would follow the former Highway 7 to Hurontario Street, connecting to the Kitchener line and Brampton's historic downtown region. 501 Zum buses to Vaughan Metropolitan Centre in Vaughan, York Region would use this rapidway, though construction has not begun or been announced. ==Education==

Elementary and secondary Education in the Region of Peel is primarily available from taxpayer-funded public schools (secular) and separate schools (Catholic) in both the English and French languages. Schools in Peel are managed by four school boards: the Peel District School Board (English public), the Dufferin-Peel Catholic District School Board (English separate), the Conseil scolaire Viamonde (French public), and the Conseil scolaire de district catholique Centre-Sud (French separate). Post-secondary Colleges and universities located in the Peel Region are the University of Toronto Mississauga, Algoma University's Brampton Campus, Lambton College's Mississauga Campus, and two campuses of Sheridan College: the Davis Campus in Brampton and Hazel McCallion Campus in Mississauga. In 2025, Toronto Metropolitan University (formerly Ryerson University) opened its School of Medicine at the Bramalea Civic Centre in Brampton. It is the first new medical school in the Greater Toronto Area in over 100 years, and one of only two medical schools operating in the Peel Region, the other being the Temerty Faculty of Medicine at the University of Toronto. The region is also home to private post-secondary institutions offering vocational training including Springfield College Brampton, CDI College, TriOS College, Academy of Learning, Evergreen College, Medix College, CIMT College, Torbram College, Bitts International Career College, Canadian College of Business, Science & Technology, Hanson College, Queenswood College B, H & T, Flair College of Management and Technology, Sunview College, and College Of Health Studies. ==See also==