, made in the
Russian Empire period, between 1890 and 1907 In
Kamchatka, the
Itelmens' uprisings against Russian rule in 1706, 1731, and 1741, were crushed. During the first uprising the Itelmen were armed with only stone weapons, but in later uprisings they used gunpowder weapons. The Russian
Cossacks faced tougher resistance from the
Koryaks, who revolted with bows and guns from 1745 to 1756, and were even forced to give up in their attempts to wipe out the
Chukchi in 1729, 1730–1731, and 1744–1747. After the Russian defeat in 1729 at Chukchi hands, the Russian commander Major
Dmitry Pavlutsky was responsible for the Russian war against the Chukchi and the mass slaughters and enslavement of Chukchi women and children in 1730–1731, but his cruelty only made the Chukchi fight more fiercely. A war against the Chukchi and Koryaks was ordered by
Empress Elizabeth in 1742 to totally expel them from their native lands and erase their culture through war. The command was that the natives be "totally
extirpated" with Pavlutskiy leading again in this war from 1744 to 1747 in which he led to the Cossacks "with the help of Almighty God and to the good fortune of Her Imperial Highness", to slaughter the Chukchi men and enslave their women and children as booty. However this phase of the war came to an inconclusive end, when the Chukchi forced them to give up by killing Pavlutskiy and decapitating him. The Russians launched wars and conducted mass slaughters against the Koryaks in 1744 and 1753–1754. After the Russians tried to force the natives to convert to
Christianity, different native peoples such as the Koryaks, Chukchi, Itelmens, and
Yukaghirs all united to drive the Russians out of their land in the 1740s, culminating in the assault on Nizhnekamchatsk fort in 1746. After its annexation by Russia in 1697, around 100,000 of 150,000 Itelmen and Koryaks died due to
infectious diseases such as
smallpox, mass suicides and the mass slaughters perpetrated by the Cossacks throughout the first decades of Russian rule. The genocide by the Russian Cossacks devastated the native peoples of Kamchatka and exterminated much of their population. In addition to committing genocide, the Cossacks also devastated the wildlife by slaughtering massive numbers of animals for fur. Ninety percent of the
Kamchadals and half of the
Voguls were killed from the 18th to 19th centuries. The rapid genocide of the Indigenous population led to entire ethnic groups being entirely wiped out, with around 12 exterminated groups which were named by
Nikolai Yadrintsev as of 1882. Much of the slaughter was brought on by the
Siberian fur trade. In the 17th century, Indigenous peoples of the
Amur region were attacked and colonized by Russians who came to be known as "red-beards". The Russian Cossacks were named luocha (羅剎) or
rakshasa by Amur natives, after demons found in
Buddhist mythology. The natives of the Amur region feared the invaders as they ruthlessly colonized the Amur tribes, who were tributaries of the
Qing dynasty during the
Sino–Russian border conflicts. Qing forces and Korean musketeers who were allied with the Qing defeated the Cossacks in 1658, which kept the Russians out of the inner reaches of the Amur region for decades. The regionalist
oblastniki were, in the 19th century, among the Russians in Siberia who acknowledged that the natives were subjected to violence of almost genocidal proportions by the Russian colonization. They claimed that they would rectify the situation with their proposed regionalist policies. The colonizers used
massacres,
alcoholism, and
disease to bring the natives under their control. Some small nomadic groups essentially disappeared, and much of the evidence of their obliteration has itself been destroyed, with only a few artifacts documenting their presence remaining in Russian museums and collections. The
Russian colonization of Siberia and conquest of its Indigenous peoples has been compared to
European colonization in the United States and its natives, with similar negative impacts on the natives and the appropriation of their land. From 1918 to 1921, there was
a violent revolutionary upheaval in Siberia during the
Russian Civil War. Russian Cossacks under Captain
Grigori Semionov established themselves as warlords by crushing the Indigenous peoples who resisted them. The
Czechoslovak Legion initially took control of
Vladivostok and controlled all of the territory along the
Trans-Siberian Railway by September 1918. The Legion later declared its neutrality and was evacuated via Vladivostok. Today, Kamchatka is largely populated by a Russian majority, although decreasing, with a slowly increasing indigenous population. The Slavic Russians outnumber all of the native peoples in Siberia and its cities except in
Tuva and
Sakha (where the
Tuvans and
Yakuts serve as the majority ethnic groups respectively), with the Slavic Russians making up the majority in
Buryatia and the
Altai Republic, outnumbering the
Buryat and
Altai natives. ==Overview==