Pietro Lauro

was the first to attempt to reconstruct Lauro’s biography Youth Little is known about Lauro’s life, and few biographical details are certain. It is presumed that he was born around 1510, possibly from a family of humble origins. This testimony, however, is contradicted by other sources; but this is not supported by reliable sources. These historical-annalistic texts were highly successful at the time, and Lauro, again for Tramezzino, translated another the following year, the ''Catalogo de gli anni et Principi de la creatione de l'huomo sin a 1540 dal nascere di Christo'' by Valerius Anshelm. and enjoyed some popularity, the translation that gained more recognition at the time was the subsequent one by Cosimo Bartoli, published in Florence in 1550, but the Tuscan edition was also better curated, featuring a good number of illustrations (absent in the Venetian version). Nonetheless, Lauro’s translation remains historically significant as the first vernacular version of the first "modern" book on architecture. Additionally, the edition, given the small size of the volume, almost considered "pocket-sized," was designed to appeal to a broader (less affluent and educated) audience than the Latin version. '' by Leon Battista Alberti, published in 1546 In addition to classical languages, during the first part of his career, Lauro also translated from Spanish. The most significant of these were works of pure entertainment, such as the Historia del valorosissimo cavallier della Croce and ''De l'ufficio del marito, come si debba portare verso la moglie by Juan Luis Vives, (banned in 1557), The Italian translation of this work, which likely inspired for the composition of his poem Il sogno dil Caravia'', attracted the interest of many scholars, including Benedetto Croce. Second Venetian period (1550–1568) No further information about Lauro is available, possibly due to his absence from Venice, until 1550, The rediscovered texts were later revealed to be forgeries, likely created ad hoc by Annius himself: Lauro’s translation achieved widespread success, much like the original text, so much so that the following year it was followed by an incomplete translation of the Moralia by Plutarch, titled Le piacevoli et ingeniose questioni di Plutarcho. Finally, in 1552, Tramezzino published the first book of De le lettere di m. Pietro Lauro modonese, which saw a second reprint in 1553; in 1560, a second book was published, without indication of the printer but attributable to the workshop of Comin da Trino. After years of apparent disinterest, with no other translations of this genre published, translations of '' by as Il cavallier del Sole in 1557 and the Historia di Valeriano d'Ongaria from the by , Only in the early 2000s, the linguist Anna Bognolo rediscovered a letter by Pedro de Luján, a Spanish writer, containing the dedication of this work to , 11th Count of Niebla. From this rediscovery, the composition of Leandro'' is dated between 1550, the start of the author’s activity, and the death of de Guzmán in 1556. The specific reasons that prompted Lauro to begin translating texts from Spanish are not clearly known, but for vernacularizers of classical languages contemporary to him, the Spanish language was considered a "gateway" to Latin: for other intellectuals like Pietro Aretino, this language was easily comprehensible (and thus translatable) for those with a good knowledge of Latin. Medical texts and death Between 1556 and 1559, he engaged in translations of medical and alchemical texts: the first was the Tesauro di Euonomo Filatro de rimedii secreti, a manual for the distillation of medicines, published under a pseudonym by Conrad Gessner, which in the Italian version was accompanied by a remarkable series of woodcut illustrations. This was followed by the ''De' secreti di natura o Della quinta essentia libri due by Ramon Llull and the De cose minerali et metalliche in 1557, followed by Niccolò Mutoni, Il luminare maggiore, utile e necessario a tutti li medici, et speciali… con un breve commento di Iacopo Manlio and, from Spanish the following year, the short work by , Libro delle quatro infermità cortigiane, che sono catarro, gotta, artetica, sciatica, mal di pietre et di reni, dolore di fianchi et mal francese, et altre cose utilissime''. He likely died in Venice in 1568 or the years immediately following, leaving his wife Gioconda and his children. The exact number of his children is unknown: according to his letters, he first had two children named Paolo and Angela, and at least two younger children named Cipriano and Concordia. Lauro also made a generic reference to other "daughters" and mentioned another son, Vincenzo, without providing further details. == Connections with the Reformation ==

Lauro’s heterodox interests In a letter dated November 11, 1561, , a prominent figure among the pro-Calvinist Venetians and a leader of the Protestants in Rovigo, promised Lauro to supplement the dowry of one of his unmarried daughters by 10 ducats, on the condition that she marry a young man with “knowledge of the true faith.” Roncalli formalized this commitment in his will drawn up shortly after, in the same year, 1561. Lauro was also on excellent terms with Ortensio Lando: the latter, who was close to Lucrezia Gonzaga di Gazzuolo for a period, convinced her to write to the Modenese polygraph. some allusions in Lauro’s letters to “many troubles that have kept me in quite unpleasant exercise” and to his “affairs” that caused concern to his correspondent may have stemmed from a fear of attracting the attention of the Inquisition through his correspondence. In these same letters, he also confessed to being afraid of leaving the Venetian Republic for religious reasons, stating that those who left the state were “suspended and doubtful.” The polygraph’s beliefs also influenced his translations, in which some passages were deliberately altered in Italian to better align with reformed ideals. An example can be found in the De inventoribus rerum by Polydore Vergil, where an entire chapter was completely modified and censored: while the original author intended to advocate for the confirmation of celibacy for priests and presbyters, Lauro omitted some sentences and reversed the meaning of others to suggest and promote an ideal closer to the preachings of Martin Luther. == Epistolary works ==

Lauro became famous in his time for two books containing his correspondences and letters, printed respectively in 1552 (with a second reprint in 1553) and in 1560 by Giolito and Comin da Trino. It is thanks to these texts that his numerous contacts with some of the major exponents of Italian humanism are known, both those residing in Venice, such as Lazarus Buonamici, Natale Conti, and , and those living in other cities of the peninsula, such as . Other letters were addressed to his publishers or to theologians, most of whom were Dominican friars from the convent of the Basilica of Saints John and Paul, where Remigio Nannini took vows during that period. About half of the letters were addressed to foreigners, mostly Germans, confirming his association with reformed circles. The content of the epistolary exchanges ranged from matters concerning morality and politics, but also economics, the arts, personal matters, and society. however, this arrangement makes the work not always coherent or continuous. The collection has a didactic structure, as evidenced by the absence of tables listing the recipients’ names; however, there is an index of the topics covered in each letter. From these, not only can valuable information about Lauro’s life and personality be gleaned, but also about the various recipients and senders of the letters, thanks to the frequent revelation of their ideals and concerns. According to , the work may actually be a fictional epistolary and a rhetorical exercise, imitating the Paradossi by Ortensio Lando. This is suggested by how Lauro responded to Lucrezia Gonzaga di Gazzuolo, comforting her for the loss of her husband , and how she, in turn, responded in highly laudatory tones toward the Modenese. According to Sanesi, the letters from Gonzaga herself were likely written by Lando, given the similarities in language with the works of the Milanese humanist. These exchanges of correspondence are also significant in the context of religion: they reveal many connections between intellectuals of the time suspected of harboring reformist sympathies. Among the notable figures in the collections are Girolamo Molin, Nicolò Da Ponte, Jacopo Zane, Giorgio Gradenigo, the aforementioned Erizzo and Contile, and, above all, , one of the most suspected of sympathizing with reformist currents. The polygraph wrote to his friend that he was not convinced about publishing the collection, as he was unsure of the actual interest it would garner. The first book was dedicated to the Florentine nobleman Francesco Chimenti, while the second was dedicated to the German banker Johann Jakob Fugger, a member of the Fugger family and nephew of Anton Fugger. The latter distinguished himself with almost reckless patronage, which led to the financial ruin of the family business, while supporting Lauro and some of his intellectual friends financially. == Polendo ==

''Historia delle gloriose impresi di Polendo, figliuolo di Palmerino di Oliva, e di Pompide figliuolo di don Duardo re d'Inghilterra, more commonly known by its abbreviated title Polendo'' after one of its protagonists, is a chivalric romance written by Lauro and published in 1566. The story recounts the heroic deeds and adventures of many characters: Polendo, son of Primaleon and king of Thessaly, sets out to rescue his kidnapped son Franciano, leaving his homeland, where his wife Francelina is killed during his absence. He remarries the princess of Armenia, Diamantina, after rescuing his son and avenging his first wife. Meanwhile, Pompide discovers he is the illegitimate son of Don Duardos, king of England, and sets out to find him to persuade him to become a knight. Upon reaching Scotland, he falls in love with Queen Drusilla and, after saving her from a kidnapping, marries her, fathering a son named Ricadoro. From here, the stories of other characters, either drawn from previous books or entirely invented by Lauro, begin to be told, following the growth of the two sons, Franciano and Ricadoro, in their first adventures as knights. Despite some inconsistencies with the other books, the Polendo showcases Lauro’s narrative abilities for the first time outside the realm of translation. Likely inspired by the success of the series (of which he translated some books), his handling of characters is particularly appreciated: the book features an intricate interplay of stories involving a considerable number of protagonists, forming a highly complex narrative. This was achieved by drawing on ideas from other titles in the Palmerins cycle; he is also credited with developing and deepening the stories of some characters who were present but neglected in other stories. Lauro intended to produce a second part to his work, as mentioned multiple times throughout the text and in the conclusion, where it is written: Lauro never published the continuation of the story, possibly due to his death in 1568, which occurred two years after the publication of Polendo. from 1727 depicting Lodovico Castelvetro, a philologist of the 16th century == Translations ==

Lauro’s translations elicited mixed judgments, so much so that even during his lifetime, numerous criticisms were raised regarding his works. According to Hill, this would be a reference to the poor quality of his translations. as well as the simplification of complex themes through streamlined reformulations, omitting accessory descriptions to make the text leaner and the reading smoother. Even some of his deliberately partial and voluntary changes have been described as functional within the broader context of his work. As his texts were aimed not only at the Venetian aristocracy but also at the newly enriched class that did not know Latin, these works decisively contributed to the dissemination of knowledge of both classical texts and scientific knowledge, thanks to the use of a popular-toned language. He is also credited with a certain dexterity in tackling very diverse topics, as well as a keen sense of selection in personally choosing the titles to translate. Nevertheless, the deliberate omissions of even important parts of the original text, not included in his adaptations or even censored and the literal translations of entire pages, which make some passages awkward, imprecise, and relegated to the background despite their importance in the original work, remain the subject of negative scrutiny by scholars today. == Works ==

Original works • Petri Lauri Mutinensis Preludium ad copiam dicendi, ubi et obiter muliebre ingenium mobile et varium, porut [sic] copia dicendi potuit, exprimitur. Venetiis, mensis Iunij, Giolito, 1539. • De le lettere di m. Pietro Lauro modonese. Il primo libro. Con la tavola de i summarij di ciascuna lettera, Tramezzino, 1552. • Delle lettere di messer Pietro Lauro. Libro secondo. Con la tavola de i summarij di ciascuna lettera, Comin da Trino, 1560. • Historia delle gloriose imprese di Polendo figliuolo di Palmerino d’Oliua, et di Pompide figliuolo di don Duardo re d’Inghilterra. Pur hora tradotta dal spagnuolo in lingua italiana per m. Pietro Lauro, Giglio, 1566. Translations and vernacularizations • Artemidoro Daldiano philosofo eccellentissimo Dell’interpretatione de sogni novamente di greco in volgare tradotto per Pietro Lauro modonese, Giolito, 1542. Translation of Oneirocritica by Artemidorus. • Costantino Cesare De notevoli et utilissimi ammaestramenti dell’agricoltura di greco in volgare tradotto per Pietro Lauro modonese, con la tauola di tutto ciò che nell’opera si comprende, Giolito, 1542. Translation of the Geoponica by Cassianus Bassus. • Chronica di Giovanni Carione con mirabile artificio composta, nella quale comprendesi il computo de gli anni, i mutamenti ne i regni e nella religione, et altri grandissimi successi. Nuovamente tradotta in volgare per Pietro Lauro modonese, Tramezzino, 1543. Translation of the Chronica by Johann Carion. • Il disprezzo del mondo opera bellissima et utile e necessaria a cadauno christiano novamente di latino in volgar tradotta, per Pietro Lauro modonese con la tauola de tutte le materie e capitoli che sono ne l’opera, Comin da Trino, 1543. Translation of the De miseria humanae conditionis by Lotario dei Conti di Segni. • Ditte Candiano della guerra Troiana. Darete Frigio della rovina Troiana. Declamatione di Libanio Sofista. Marsilio Lesbio dell’origine d’Italia, e de i Tirreni. Archiloco de tempi. Beroso dell’antichità. Manethone de i re d’Egitto. Methastene Persiano del giudicio de tempi, et annuali historie de Persiani. Quinto Fabio Pittore dell’Aurea età, e dell’origine di Roma, Valgrisi, 1543. Translation of the Auctores vetustissimi by Annius of Viterbo. • Polydoro Virgilio di Urbino De la origine e de gl’inventori de le leggi, costumi, scientie, arti, et di tutto quello che a l’humano uso conuiensi, con la espositione dil Pater nostro, ogni cosa di latino in volgar tradotto da Pietro Lauro modonese, con la tauola di ciò che si contiene ne l’opera, Giolito, 1543. Translation of the De inventoribus rerum by Polydore Vergil. • Arriano di Nicomedia, chiamato nuovo Xenofonte de i fatti del Magno Alessandro re di Macedonia. Nuovamente di greco tradotto in italiano per Pietro Lauro modonese, Tramezzino, 1544. Translation of the Anabasis of Alexander by Arrian. • Lucio Giunio Moderato Columella De l’agricoltura libri XII. Trattato de gli alberi del medesimo, tradotto nuovamente di latino in lingua italiana per Pietro Lauro Modonese, Tramezzino, 1544. Translation of the De re rustica by Columella. • Giosefo De l’antichità giudaiche. Tradotto in italiano per m. Pietro Lauro modonese, Cesano, 1544. Translation of the Antiquities of the Jews by Flavius Josephus. • Historia d’Egesippo tra i christiani scrittori antichissimo de le valorose imprese fatte da giudei ne l’assedio di Gierusaleme, e come fu abbattuta quella città, e molte altre del paese, breve somma del medesimo di quanto è compreso ne l’opera. Tradotta di latino il italiano per Pietro Lauro modonese, Tramezzino, 1544. Translation from Saint Jerome. • Catalogo de gli anni et principi da la creatione de l’huomo, sin’à 1540 dal nascere di Christo, opera quanto dir si possa utilissima, per Valerio Anselmo Raid composta, e nuovamente di latino in volgare tradotta, per Pietro Lauro modonese, Tramezzino, 1544. According to Tiraboschi, this is likely an original work by Lauro. • Historia del valorosissimo Cavallier de la Croce, che per sue gran prodezze fu a l’imperio de Alemagna soblimato. Tratta nuovamente da l’idioma spagnuolo in lingua italiana, Tramezzino, 1544. Translation of the Lepolemo by Alonso de Salazar. • Opere utilissime in medicina di Polibio illustre medico, descepolo et successo d’Hippocrate Coo, tradotte nuovamente di greco in italiano, per Pietro Lauro modonese, Comin da Trino, 1545. Translation of the works of Polybus. • Colloqui famigliari di Erasmo Roterodamo ad ogni qualità di parlare et spetialmente a cose pietose accomodati. Tradotti di latino in italiano, per m. Pietro Lauro modonese, Valgrisi, 1545. Translation of the Colloquia familiaria by Erasmus of Rotterdam. • Di Carlo Stefano le herbe, fiori, stirpi, che si piantano ne gli horti, con le voci loro più proprie et accomodate. Aggiuntovi un libretto di coltivare gli horti, tradotto in italiano per Pietro Lauro modonese, Valgrisi, 1545. Translation of the Seminarium, et plantarum fructiferarum praesertim arborum quae post hortos conseri solent by Charles Estienne. • Di Carlo Stephano seminario over plantario de gli alberi che si piantano con i loro nomi et de’ frutti parimente. Aggiuntovi l’arbusto, il fonticello, e’l spinetto, de l’istesso autore. Tradotti in lingua italiana, per Pietro Lauro modonese, Valgrisi, 1545. Translation of the Seminarium, et plantarum fructiferarum praesertim arborum quae post hortos conseri solent by Charles Estienne. • Vineto di Carlo Stefano nel quale brevemente si narrano i nomi latini antichi, et volgari delle viti, e delle uve. Raccolto ogni cosa da gli antichi scrittori, e accomodat’a questo nostro uso di hoggi di, Valgrisi, 1545. Translation of the Vinetum by Charles Estienne. • Dell’vfficio del marito verso la moglie, dell’institutione della femina christiana, uergine, maritata, o vedova, et dello ammaestrare i fanciulli nelle arti liberali. Opera veramente non pur dilettevole ma anco utilissima, Valgrisi, 1546. Translation of the De institutione feminae Christianae by Juan Luis Vives. • I dieci libri de l’architettura di Leon Battista de gli Alberti fiorentino, huomo in ogni altra dottrina eccellente, ma in questa singolare; da la cui prefatione brevemente si comprende la commodità, l’utilità, la necessità, e la dignità di tale opera, e parimente la cagione, da la quale è stato molto a scriverla: Novamente da la latina ne la Volgar lingua con molta diligentia tradotti, Valgrisi, 1546. Translation of the De re aedificatoria by Leon Battista Alberti. • I cinque libri delle antichità de Beroso sacerdote caldeo con lo commento di Giovanni Annio di Viterbo. Con lo commento di Giovanni Annio di Viterbo teologo eccellentissimo. Il numero de gli altri autori che trattano de la antichità si legge ne la seguente pagina. Tradotti hora pur in Italiano per Pietro Lauro Modonese, Baldissera Constantini, 1550. Vernacularization of the Commentaria super opera diversorum auctorum de antiquitatibus loquentium by Annius of Viterbo, based on a forgery by the author of a work by Berossus. • Le piacevoli et ingeniose questioni di Plutarcho, trattate in varii et diversi conviti d’huomini di raro intelletto de la Grecia, nuovamente tradotte in volgare per Pietro Lauro Modenese, Comin da Trino, 1551. Translation of the Moralia by Plutarch. • Oratorio de religiosi, et esercitio de virtuosi composto dal reverendo monsignor don Antonio di Guevara. Di nuovo tradotto di spagnuolo in italiano per Pietro Lauro, Giolito, 1555. Translation of the Oratorio de religiosos y exercicio de virtuosos compuesto por el illustre señor don Antonio de Guevara by Antonio de Guevara. • Tesauro di Euonomo Filatro de rimedii secreti. Lib. fisico et medicinale, et in parte chimico et economico, cerca’ l preparare i rimedij, et sapori diversi, sommamente necessario a tutti i medici, et speciali. Aggiuntovi molte, et diverse figure de fornaci. Tradotto di latino in italiano, per m. Pietro Lauro, Sessa, 1556. Translation of the De secretis remediis by Conrad Gessner. • La seconda parte del libro chiamato Monte Calvario che espone le sette parole, che disse Christo in sù la Croce. Composto dall’illustre sig. don Antonio di Guevara, vescovo di Modognetto. Tradotto nuovamente di spagnuolo in italiano per m. Pietro Lauro. Con tre tavole, la prima è de’ capitoli, la seconda delle autorità, figure et profetie, esposte dall’autore, et la terza delle cose notabili, che in tutta l’opera si contengono, Giolito, 1556. Translation of the La segunda parte del libro llamado Monte Calvario. Compuesto por el reverendísimo señor don Antonio de Guevara de buena memoria, obispo que fue de Mondoñedo by Antonio de Guevara. • Il cavallier del sole, che con l’arte militare dipinge la peregrinatione della vita humana ... Tradotto nuovamente di spagnuolo in italiano per messer Pietro Lauro, Sessa, 1557. Translation of the El caballero del Sol by Pedro Hernández de Villaumbrales. • Raimondo Lullo Maiorico filosofo acutissimo, et celebre medico De’ secreti di natura, ò Della quinta essentia. Libri due. Alberto Magno sommo filosofo, de cose minerali, et metalliche. Libri cinque. Il tutto tradotto da m. Pietro Lauro, Sessa, 1557. Translation of various works by Ramon Llull. • Libro delle quatro infermità cortigiane, che sono catarro, gotta, artetica, sciatica, mal di pietre, et di reni, dolore di fianchi, et mal francese, et d’altre cose utilissime, composto per l’eccellentissimo dottore Luigi Lobera di Avila ... Con vn trattato di esperienze certissime, et provate. Tradotto di spagnuolo in italiano per m. Pietro Lauro, Sessa, 1558. Translation of the Libro de las quatro enfermedades cortesanas (catarro o rheuma, la gota, la calculosis renal y la sífilis o mal de bubas, que era considerado el más cortesano de todos los males) by Luis Lobera de Ávila. • Historia di Valeriano d’Ongaria nella quale si trattano le alte imprese di cavalleria fatte da Pasmerindo re d’Ongaria per amor della ... prencipessa Alberitia, Bosello, 1558. Translation of the Valerián de Hungría by Dionís Clemente. • Luminare maggiore, utile et necessario a tutti li medici, et speciali, raccolto da Nicolo Mutoni medico da molti eccellentissimi medici con vn breve commento di Jacopo Manlio; et il lume et il tesoro de speciali. Nuovamente tradotti in lingua volgare per Pietro Lauro et da molti errori espurgati, Bariletto, 1559. Translation of texts by Niccolò Mutoni. • Leandro il Bello, Tramezzino, 1560. Translation of the Leandro el Bel by Pedro de Luján, previously considered an original work. • Fiori di consolatione ad ogni fedel christiano necessarii, a passare l’onde di queste miserie humane, senza rimaner sommerso. Con i rimedi ad ogni infirmità spirituale composti delle sententie della Sacra Scrittura, et de’ santi dottori catolici. Raccolti dal reverendo padre fra Tomaso di Valenza, dell’ordine di San Domenico, et tradotti dallo spagnolo per m. Pietro Lauro Modonese, Giolito, 1562. Translation of texts by Tomás de Villanueva. • Trattato dell’oratione et devotione, del r. p. fra Luigi di Granata... Nuovamente tradotto di spagnuolo in italiano da m. Pietro Lauro... E questo è il quarto fiore della nostra ghirlanda spirituale, Giolito, 1564. Translation of texts by Luis de Granada. • Devotissime meditationi per i giorni della settimana tanto per la mattina come per la sera. Composte dal r.p.f. Luigi di Granata dell’Ordine de’ padri predicatori... Nuovamente tradotta da Pietro Lauro modonese ... Questo è il terzo fiore della nostra Ghirlanda spirituale., Giolito, 1568. Translation of texts by Luis de Granada. • Tutte l’opere del r. padre fra Luigi di Granata dell’Ordine di san Domenico. Nelle quali con molto fervor di spirito, con gran dottrina, et con incredibile facilità, s’ammaestra un cristiano di quanto gli può far bisogno, dal principio della sua conversione fino alla perfezione. Nuovamente tradotte di spagnuolo in italiano da diversi autori, e con molta diligentia riviste, et adornate di postille, che mostrano le sententie più, Giolito, 1568. Translation of texts by Luis de Granada. == References ==