Subgenus
Pinus includes the yellow and hard pines. Pines in this subgenus have two to five needles per fascicle (rarely as many as eight, in
P. durangensis). They have two
fibrovascular bundles per needle, and the fascicle sheaths are
persistent, except in
P. leiophylla and
P. lumholtzii. The cone scales are thicker and more rigid than those of subgenus
Strobus, and have a resin sealing band before opening (resulting in the cones opening with an audible crack); the
cones either open soon after they mature or are
serotinous.
Section Pinus '
Section Pinus'''
has two or three needles per fascicle. The cones have moderately thin to thick scales; in most they open at maturity, but are weakly serotinous in some species in subsection Pinaster
. Species in this section are native to Europe, Asia, and the Mediterranean, except for P. resinosa
in northeastern North America and P. tropicalis'' in western
Cuba. '
Subsection Incertae sedis''''' • †
P. driftwoodensis – Early
Eocene,
British Columbia,
Canada Subsection Pinus All but two species (
P. resinosa and
P. tropicalis) in '
Subsection Pinus''''' are native to Eurasia. The cones have moderate thickness scales, and are characterised by a slightly off-centre prickle ('excentromucronate') on the umbo. •
P. densata – Sikang pine •
P. densiflora – Japanese red pine or Korean red pine •
P. henryi – Henry's pine •
P. hwangshanensis – Huangshan pine •
P. kesiya – Khasi pine •
P. luchuensis – Luchu pine •
P. massoniana – Masson's pine •
P. mugo – mountain pine •
P. m. subsp.
mugo •
P. m. subsp.
uncinata (treated as a separate species
P. uncinata by POWO, but with minimal genetic distinction from
P. mugo) •
P. nigra – Austrian pine •
P. resinosa – red pine •
P. sylvestris – Scots pine •
P. tabuliformis – Chinese red pine •
P. taiwanensis – Taiwan red pine •
P. thunbergii – Japanese black pine •
P. tropicalis – tropical pine •
P. yunnanensis – Yunnan pine • †
P. prehwangshanensis • †
P. yorkshirensis ====Subsection
Incertae sedis==== This pine is commonly resolved into subsection
Pinaster by genetic studies, but this is in strong conflict with its morphology and ecology, which is much closer to subsection
Pinus, or alternatively placed in its own subsection
Leucodermes close to subsection
Pinus. •
P. heldreichii – Bosnian pine ====Subsection
Incertae sedis==== These pines are placed in subsection
Pinus by some genetic studies, The subsection
Merkusia has also been proposed for them.
Subsection Pinaster '
Subsection Pinaster'''
contains species native to warm climates in the Mediterranean region at low altitudes, as well as P. roxburghii from the Himalayas. The cones are thick-scaled and orange-brown to red-brown, and the cone scales are glossy and lack umbo spines. It is named after P. pinaster''. •
P. brutia – Turkish pine •
P. canariensis – Canary Islands pine •
P. halepensis – Aleppo pine •
P. pinaster – maritime pine •
P. pinea – stone pine •
P. roxburghii – chir pine
Section Trifoliae '
Section Trifoliae''''' (American hard pines), despite its name (which means "three-leaved"), has two to five needles per fascicle, or rarely eight. The cones of most species open at maturity, but a few are
serotinous. All but two American hard pines belong to this section. The timing of divergences within this section is disputed, with subsections
Australes and
Ponderosae having diverged during the mid
Cretaceous (about 110 million years ago) according to one study, It has 26 living species. •
P. caribaea – Caribbean pine •
P. cubensis – Cuban pine •
P. echinata – shortleaf pine •
P. elliottii – slash pine •
P. glabra – spruce pine •
P. georginae •
P. greggii – Gregg's pine •
P. herrerae – Herrera's pine •
P. hondurensis – Honduras pine (treated as a variety of
P. caribaea by POWO, but considered distinct by Businský •
P. occidentalis – Hispaniolan pine •
P. oocarpa – egg-cone pine •
P. palustris – longleaf pine •
P. patula – patula pine •
P. praetermissa – McVaugh's pine •
P. pringlei – Pringle's pine •
P. pungens – table mountain pine •
P. rigida – pitch pine •
P. serotina – pond pine •
P. taeda – loblolly pine •
P. tecunumanii – Tecun Uman's pine •
P. teocote – ocote pine •
P. vallartensis • †
P. foisyi – extinct
Subsection Contortae The
Contortae are native to North America and Mexico. It contains four accepted species. •
P. banksiana – jack pine •
P. clausa – sand pine •
P. contorta (infraspecific taxa traditionally cited at varietal rank, but with marked divergence in morphology and ecology, better treated at subspecific rank) •
P. c. subsp.
contorta – shore pine •
P. c. subsp.
latifolia – lodgepole pine •
P. c. subsp.
murrayana – tamarack pine •
P. virginiana – Virginia pine • †
P. matthewsii – extinct
Pliocene species from
Yukon Territory, Canada
Subsection Ponderosae This subsection is native to
Central America,
Mexico, the western
United States, and southwestern
Canada, although its former range was possibly much wider as evidenced by upper Miocene fossils belonging to this subsection found in Japan It contains at least 13 living species and may contain five more if the disputed species become widely accepted. •
P. apulcensis (syn.
P. oaxacana; currently treated as a variety of
P. pseudostrobus by POWO) •
P. arizonica – Arizona pine •
P. cooperi – Cooper's pine •
P. devoniana – Michoacan pine •
P. durangensis – Durango pine •
P. engelmannii – Apache pine •
P. estevezii – (not currently accepted by POWO) •
P. gordoniana – Gordon's pine •
P. hartwegii – Hartweg's pine •
P. martinezii – (not accepted) •
P. maximinoi – thinleaf pine •
P. montezumae – Montezuma pine •
P. ponderosa – ponderosa pine •
P. p. subsp.
benthamiana – Pacific ponderosa •
P. p. subsp. brachyptera – Southwestern ponderosa (disputed,
P. brachyptera in
POWO and a subspecies in
GRIN) •
P. p. subsp.
ponderosa – Columbia Basin ponderosa •
P. p. subsp.
readiana – central high plains ponderosa •
P. p. subsp. scopulorum – Rocky Mountain ponderosa (disputed,
P. scopulorum in POWO and a subspecies in GRIN) •
P. pseudostrobus – smooth-bark Mexican pine •
P. stormiae – Storm's pine •
P. yecorensis – Yecora pine • †
P. fujiii • †
P. johndayensis –
Oligocene Subsection Sabinianae These are pines of the western United States and Mexico with four existing species. Within the subsection the Coulter pine is closely related with the Jeffery pine and the gray pine is likewise paired with the Torrey pine. •
P. coulteri – Coulter pine •
P. jeffreyi – Jeffrey pine •
P. sabiniana – gray pine •
P. torreyana – Torrey pine ==Subgenus
Strobus ==