Polytechnic University of Milan

The Politecnico di Milano was founded on 29 November 1863 by Francesco Brioschi, secretary of the Ministry of Education and rector of the University of Pavia. Its establishment was part of a broader movement in Italy to advance technical and scientific education, which in result would support industrial and technological development during the country's early years of unification. (1824–1897), founder and first rector of the Politecnico di Milano. Its original name was Istituto Tecnico Superiore (which translates to "Higher Technical Institute") and only Civil and Industrial Engineering were taught. Architecture, the second main line of study at the university, was introduced in 1865 in cooperation with the Brera Academy. There were only 30 students admitted in the first year. Over the decades, most of the students were men: the first female graduate from the university was in 1913. The present logo, based on a detail of the preparatory sketch of Raphael's School of Athens, was adopted in 1942. Until then, there was no official logo for the institution. In 1954, the first European centre of electronic computation was opened at the university by Gino Cassinis and Ercole Bottani. In 1963 Giulio Natta received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his research on crystalline polymers, polypropylene in particular. In 1977, the satellite Sirio, jointly developed by the university and other companies, was launched. In 1979, POLIMI Graduate School of Management, the Polytechnic's business school has been created. Since the end of the 1980s, the university has begun a process of territorial expansion that would have resulted in the opening of its satellite campuses in Lombardy and Emilia-Romagna. A university program in industrial design was started in 1993. In 2000, the university's faculty of design was created with new courses in undergraduate and postgraduate programs of graphic & visual, fashion and interior design along with the already existent industrial design. In April 2012, the university announced that, beginning in 2014, all graduate courses would be taught only in English. This decision was then partially revised, after the decision of the Italian Supreme Court, that stated the Italian language could not be totally abolished nor downgraded to a marginal role. On the 7th of September 2019, XJTU-POLIMI Joint School has been opened in Xi'an, China, which is a joint school of Polytechnic University of Milan and Xi'an Jiaotong University. ==Campuses==

The University is spread over seven campuses: two main campuses in Milan and another three satellite campuses across Lombardy (Lecco, Cremona, Mantua) and one Emilia-Romagna (Piacenza). Milan Leonardo Milan Leonardo is the oldest of the university's campuses still in use. The first buildings on Piazza Leonardo da Vinci were inaugurated in 1927. Over the years, the complex has been expanded and is now generally referred to as "Città Studi", City of Studies, which also refers to some faculties of the University of Milan in the same area. The campus extends over several streets: Leonardo, Bonardi, Clericetti, Mancinelli, Gran Sasso and Colombo. The Leonardo Campus is the main campus of the university and comprises the central administration offices, the rectorate, and most of the research departments. Milan Bovisa The Milan Bovisa campus is located in the Bovisa district of Milan and became active in 1989; campus Bovisa is today composed of campus Durando, opened in 1994, and campus La Masa, inaugurated in 1997. The first is the seat of the School of Design, while the second is dedicated to Industrial, Mechanical, Aerospace, and Energy Engineering faculties. Bovisa also houses the related research facilities, including the wind tunnel. Other campuses The first satellite campuses opened in 1987 in Como and in 1989 in Lecco. During the 1990s, three other branches opened in Cremona (1991), Mantua (1994), and Piacenza (1997). These last three branches are currently open. On the 7th of September 2019, XJTU-POLIMI Joint School has been opened in Xi'an, China, which is a joint school of Polytechnic University of Milan and Xi'an Jiaotong University. ==Academics==

The Politecnico di Milano offers several three-year undergraduate courses, two-year graduate courses, one-year master courses and PhD programs in the fields of engineering, architecture and design. The university offers 32 first level (Bachelor) degree programs. with the President of Italy Giorgio Napolitano in 2007 The academic year is divided into two terms, or semesters, the first from mid-September to late January and the second from March to late June. There are 3 exam sessions: those at the end of each semester (in February and July) and one more in September. Students need to achieve 60 "university credits" (CFU or Crediti Formativi Universitari) per year during their Bachelor's and master's degrees. Therefore, the 3-years Bachelor requires 180 credits while the 2-years Master 120. The university, like most universities in Italy, is organized to comply with the framework of the Bologna Process. The university maintains several relations with foreign universities and offers a wide range of international projects for student exchange, The university encourages the enrollment of foreign students by providing several courses in English, German and Spanish. It participates in the ENTREE network for student exchange among Electrical Engineering colleges in Europe and it is a member of Top Industrial Managers for Europe (TIME) network. The Alta Scuola Politecnica is a joint institution of the Politecnico di Milano and Polytechnic University of Turin addressed to young talents who want to develop their interdisciplinary capabilities for leading and promoting innovation, and runs in parallel to the two-year programs of laurea magistrale (graduate courses). International opportunities The university offers several opportunities for students that want to integrate their studies with an experience outside Italy. Some of them are: • ATHENS Programme • ERASMUS Programme • Erasmus Mundus Programme • Master of European Design • Partnership of a European Group of Aeronautics and Space Universities • UNITECH International • Global Engineering Education Exchange PhD students may also take advantage of "Progetto Rocca MIT-PoliMi Program", an international program that allows them to spend a visit period working at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Rankings According to the QS World University Rankings, the university is ranked as 111th overall in the world, the first Italian university in this ranking. By field of study, it is ranked 5th for Design, 11th for Architecture, and 16th for Engineering and Technology. In 2009, an Italian research ranked it as the best in Italy over indicators such as scientific production, the attraction of foreign students, and others. Admission Engineering The admission in the undergraduate program in engineering at the university is bound to an admission test, aimed to verify the starting preparation of every student. The main goal of this test is to point out the lacks of aspiring students and, in case, to assign them an extra course. Only some programs have a strictly limited number of places, even if the Academic Senate fixes an approximate maximum number of students for every program. The admission test for any Engineering school, except Construction Engineering, is divided in four parts, each about one of the following general subject: English Language; Logic, Mathematics and Statistics; Verbal Comprehension; Physics. Architecture, Design and Construction Engineering Architecture, Design and Construction Engineering schools have a limited number of students admitted every year and the selection is based on a national test administered by the Ministry of Education. The test is divided into five parts, each about one of the following general subject: Logic and General Knowledge; History; Drawing and Representation; Mathematics and Physics. Departments The Politecnico di Milano is organized in 12 departments: • Architecture and Urban Studies (DASTU) • Architecture and Civil Engineering of the Built Environment (DABC) • Chemistry, Chemical, and Material Engineering "Giulio Natta" (DCMC) • Design (DESIGN) • Electronics, Information Technology, and Bioengineering (DEIB) • Energy (DENG) • Physics (DFIS) • Civil and Environmental Engineering (DICA) • Management, Economics, and Industrial Engineering (DIG) • Mathematics (DMAT) • Mechanical Engineering (DMEC) • Aerospace Engineering and Technology (DAER) Library System and publishing The library system of the university counts more than 470,000 records distributed over the libraries in the campuses. The system comprises four central libraries along with teaching libraries (department libraries). The titles registered in the library system can be searched through an online public access catalogue (OPAC). Since autumn 2004, the Politecnico di Milano has owned a publishing trademark, Polipress, created mainly to publish researches by the university community. The trademark publishes also the free Politecnico periodical. ==Scientific research==

The Politecnico di Milano participates in European and international networks of scientific research. In the year 2004 alone, about 60 large scale, multi-year international research projects have been initiated or participated by the university, just in the context of the European Research framework. As of 2012, the university takes part in over 132 current FP7 research projects. The University raised almost 80% of its research funds from external sources in 2008, from participation in national and international calls for proposals by its researchers and from research contracts stipulated with companies. The Politecnico di Milano was the first university in Italy for total number of European research funding awarded under the Horizon 2020 program, with 296 projects and a total of 125.7 million. The university has a long history of research. Many scientists working in the university have received awards and recognition by the scientific community: among them, the most famous is Giulio Natta, the only Italian Nobel laureate for Chemistry, in 1963, who was the head of the Department of Industrial Chemistry. The University also operated the first research nuclear reactor in Italy, the 50kW LM54, from 1959 to 1979 in the "Enrico Fermi Nuclear Research Institute" and now operates several important laboratories such as one of the biggest wind tunnels in Europe. As of 2005, a number of professors at the Politecnico di Milano are ACM or IEEE fellows. The university participates in associations and consortia for applied research, has offices to assist technological transfers and continuing education for professionals. The university supports the establishment of research spin-offs (20 spin-offs from 2000 to today), and also of high-tech companies during their start-up phase, with a structure named ''Acceleratore d'Impresa'' (Start-up Incubator). According to the SIR 2013 World Report about the quality of scientific research produced, the university has a normalized impact factor of 1.42, and 16.62% of the articles produced fall within the 10% most cited in the international bibliography. ==Governance==

The Rector, the Academic Senate and the Board of Directors (Consiglio di Amministrazione) are the governing bodies of the university. Internal Financial Auditors (Collegio dei revisori dei conti) controls the management and finance of the University. There are several other consulting bodies, among them the Students' Council, which is directly elected by students and serves in an advisory role. The Rector represents the University and coordinates the Academic and Research activity. The tenure of the Rector is six years and can serve only one term. ==Student life==

Tuition fees at the Politecnico di Milano depend on each student's family income. They range between about 150 €/year and 3726 €/year. Students with an outstanding GPA (usually ≥ 27/30 or 29/30) are granted partial or full rebates, in addition to various kinds of scholarships. There are many scholarships for international students as part of the recent university internationalization strategy. Most Italian universities do not offer accommodation for their students on campus. The university manages a limited number of approximately 2000 beds available for students. Most students from outside the city are either commuters or renters. It is common for both Italian and international students to share flats due to the expensive real-estate market of the city. All the university campuses are covered by a Wi-Fi network, connected and interoperable with the Eduroam service. Organizations The Istituto per il Diritto allo Studio Universitario (ISU) manages additional student facilities such as scholarships, student housing, open libraries, lending of computers, cafeterias and study spaces. Educafe is a cultural center in the Leonardo campus, where students can meet and events are held regularly. Among the student organizations: • BEST Milano (Board of European Students of Technology) a European non-profit and politically neutral organization, focus on Empowered diversity, done by students for the students and present in more than 30 countries. • ESN (Erasmus Student Network) a non-profit organization, gathering exchange students and encouraging exchange projects. • Euroavia, an organization founded to gather aerospace students of the Politecnico di Milano and make easy to contact other aerospace students in Europe. • Associazione Ingegneri Ambiente e Territorio (Environment and Territory Engineers Association), a student association composed by students in Environmental Engineering. • Teatro delle Biglie (Theatre of the Marbles), an independent non-profit organization, born as a theatre association. • POuL (Politecnico Open unix Labs), a student association for students interested in promoting open source and free software. • POLI.RADIO is the student web radio. • IEEE Student Branch of the Politecnico di Milano. • BEA – Biomedical Engineering Association, an independent bioengineering students organization to create a network between students and professors, to promote activities and projects • Skyward Experimental Rocketry, an association with the goal of design and developing small sounding rockets and unmanned aerial vehicles. • Physis PEB Professional opportunities and statistics The 2007 graduate survey shows that 80% of graduates of the Politecnico di Milano find a job within three months from graduation, and almost 95% within six months. The figures are similar for the bachelor and the masters level graduates. A specialized "Career Service" facilitates contacts between graduates and the industry, it invites companies for presentations and prepares statistics about graduated students. It posts several stage and job offers every day both for students and graduates. Approximately 55% of undergraduate students complete their studies on time, and approximately 80% of them graduate within an additional year. Similar figures apply to graduate students. Currently, there are four main political groups in student elections: • La Terna Sinistrorsa (The left-hand coordinate system), the left-wing organization. The name is a pun on the Cartesian three-dimensional coordinate system. • Lista aperta per il diritto allo studio (Open list for the right to study), a movement based on the value of student's quality, generally considered as conservative because of its affinity to the Catholicism and Communion and Liberation, even if it defines itself as not politically oriented. • ''Svoltastudenti – La Students' Union del Politecnico di Milano'' (The Students' Union of the Politecnico di Milano), which takes inspiration from the Anglo-Saxon student-groups, is not politically oriented or religiously sided and its main purpose is to provide services to students. • Studenti Indipendenti (Independent Students) There are also other smaller groups. However, participation in student elections is generally low, as a result of low participation in extra academical activities. In the last elections, it figured out a new wave of interest, with 20% of participation (after the 16% of the previous ones). ==Notable alumni==

File:Luigi Comencini 1971.jpg|Luigi Comencini File:Giulio Natta Nobel.jpg|Giulio Natta File:Renzo Piano, portrait.jpg|Renzo Piano File:AldoRossi.jpg|Aldo Rossi File:Ettore Sottsass 1969.jpg|Ettore Sottsass • Franco Albini (architect, designer, and academic, 1905–1977) • Maria Artini (first female university graduate in electrical engineering in Italy and the second female engineering graduate of the Milan Polytechnic, 1894–1951) • Sergio Asti (architect and designer, 1926–2021) • Gae Aulenti (architect and designer 1927–2012) • Mario Bellini (architect and designer, b. 1935) • Chiara Bisagni (aerospace engineer) • Andrea Branzi (architect and designer, b. 1938) • Cini Boeri (architect and designer, 1924–2020) • Achille Castiglioni (architect and designer, 1918–2002) • Enrico Castiglioni (engineer and architect, 1914–2000) • Livio Castiglioni (architect and designer, 1911–1979) • Pier Giacomo Castiglioni (architect and designer, 1913–1968) • Claudio Ciborra (organizational theorist, 1951–2005) • Antonio Citterio (architect and designer, b. 1950) • Giampaolo Dallara (engineer and entrepreneur, b. 1936) • Carla De Benedetti (photographer and photojournalist, 1932–2013) • Elio (musician, b. 1961) • Amedeo Felisa (businessman, b. 1946) • Gianfranco Ferré (fashion designer, 1944–2007) • Enrico Forlanini (engineer and inventor, 1848–1930) • Stelio Frati (aeronautical engineer, 1919–2010) • Emanuela Frattini Magnusson (architect and designer, b. 1959) • Gianfranco Frattini (architect and designer 1926–2004) • Chiara Fumai (performance artist 1978–2017) • Carlo Emilio Gadda (engineer and writer, 1893–1973) • Francesco Giavazzi (economist, b. 1949) • Vittorio Gregotti (architect, 1927–2020) • Franca Helg (architect and designer, 1920–1989) • Piero Lissoni (architect and designer, b. 1956) • Italo Lupi (graphic designer and writer 1934–2023) • Vico Magistretti (industrial designer and architect, 1920–2006) • Angelo Mangiarotti (architect and industrial designer, 1921–2012) • Alberto Meda (engineer and designer, b. 1935) • Giulio Natta (chemist and Nobel Laureate, 1903–1979) • Gilbert Daniel Nessim (chemist, b. 1966) • Adriano Olivetti (chemical engineer and entrepreneur, 1901–1960) • Antonio Pedotti (bioengineer) • Giovanni Pellegrini (architect, 1908–1995) • Stefano Pessina (billionaire businessman, b. 1941) • Nicola Pezzetta (architect and artist, b. 1963) • Renzo Piano (architect, b. 1937) • Giovanni Battista Pirelli (entrepreneur, 1848–1932) • Gio Ponti (architect, 1891–1979) • Adele Racheli (first woman engineering graduate, founder of patent protection office 1897–1992) • Ernesto Nathan Rogers (architect, 1909–1969) • Aldo Rossi (architect, 1931–1997) • Francesco Starace (business executive, b. 1955) • Saul Steinberg (cartoonist and illustrator, 1914–1999) • Giuseppe Terragni (architect, 1904–1943) • Angelo Torricelli (architect, b. 1946) • Patricia Urquiola (architect and designer, b.1961) • Massimo Vignelli (designer, 1931–2014) • Demetrio Stratos (singer, 1945–1979) • Tatiana Wedenison (first woman in Italy to attempt an engineering degree and the first to enroll at Politecnico in 1888) • Marco Zanuso (architect and designer, 1916–2001) • Orazio Svelto (Physicist 1936) ==See also==