from the 16th century
Early history The first writings on Drvar date back to the 9th century. In the first half of the 16th century (approximately 1530) residents of this area, under the leadership of a Vojnović from
Glamoč, migrated to the surroundings of Zagreb (Metlika Zumberak and four surrounding villages). The greater area was populated in Roman Times as evidenced by the remains of Roman roads.
Austro-Hungarian Rule In 1878 Drvar, along with the rest of Bosnia and Herzegovina, was
subjugated to Austro-Hungarian rule. Around 1893 German industrialist leased the right to exploit fir and spruce forests in the mountains of Klekovača, Lunjevače, Srnetica and Osječenica. Steinbeis operated in the area until 1918 when, after the
First World War, the company was taken over by the new
Yugoslav state. During the 25 years that Steinbeis operated in the area, he created the complete infrastructure for processing forest products including the construction of modern lumber mills in Drvar and
Dobrljin, the construction of a network of roads, 400 km of a narrow-gauge railway, telephone and telegraph lines. During this time Drvar grew into an industrial town employing approximately 2,800 people in which homes, hospitals, restaurants, cafes and retails shops were built. Additional factories appeared in Drvar, including a cellulose factory founded by Alphons Simunius Blumer. Eventually, poor labor conditions led to the first organized strikes in Drvar in 1906. These strikes continued until 1911 when the Austro-Hungarian Empire banned such activities.
Kingdom of Yugoslavia In 1918 the Austro-Hungarian Empire collapsed, which was then followed by the rise of the
Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, but this did not help the plight of the workers in Drvar, who became better organised and rose up to strike again in 1921. From 1929 to 1941, Drvar was part of the
Vrbas Banovina of the
Kingdom of Yugoslavia. In 1932, an economic crisis resulted in the layoff of 2,000 workers.
World War II (right) with his cabinet in Drvar, 1944 On 10 April,
Ustaše, aligned with
Nazi Germany, declared the
Independent State of Croatia (NDH) and claimed as part of its territory the entire area of
Bosnia and Herzegovina. In Drvar, this resulted in the beginning of the presence of the Ustaše government, the movement chiefly responsible for the World War II Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia in which Serbs, Jews, Roma, Croat and Bosniak resistance members and political opponents were sent to concentration camps and killed. In the beginning the Ustaše contingent in Drvar consisted of the Croatian population residing in Drvar, but they were soon reinforced by others who came from outside Drvar. In June 1941 Ustaše arrested a large group of prominent Drvar citizens, and took them to Risovac near Bosanski Petrovac, where they were tortured, killed and thrown into a pit. After the Ustaše imprisoned all Serb men from Drvar during June and July 1941, they began with the preparation to imprison and kill all Serbs from Drvar, regardless of their age and sex, including all women and children. The genocidal activities of the Ustaše forced the targeted Serb population to organize an uprising known as
Drvar uprising, beginning on 27 July 1941. The rebels were organized into the Kamenički, Javorje, Crljivičko-zaglavički, Boboljusko-cvjetnički, Trubarski, Mokronog and Tičevski and Grahovsko-resanovski guerrilla detachments (from the
Grahovo area). In more recent history, Drvar is perhaps most famous as the location of a daring
airdrop raid on Drvar, codenamed "
Operation Rösselsprung", on 25 May 1944, by Nazi German invaders, in an attempt to assassinate
Tito. Tito, the main
Partisan commander, was sheltered in the Partisan General Staff headquarters in what is now called "Tito's Cave" in the hills near Drvar at the time. During the 4 years and 1 month of the war, Drvar was under occupation for just 390 days. 767 Drvar civilians were killed and only 13 pre-war houses still stood. Approximately 93% of the infrastructure of the town was destroyed, and the livestock population had been reduced by more than 80%. Drvar was first occupied by the German army in April 1941, followed shortly thereafter by the
Italians. Drvar continued to experience fierce fighting through mid-1942 when the last of the German and Italian forces were expelled. The Germans re-entered Drvar in 1943 and left it a burned ruin when they departed. During the summer of 1941, the
Chetniks expelled and killed the
Croat (mostly
Catholic) civilians in the Drvar area. The most significant event was the
Trubar massacre, a civilian massacre committed by the Chetniks on 27 July 1941.
SFR Yugoslavia In the years following the war, Drvar was rebuilt, its timber industry restored, and new metal, fabrication, and carpet industries developed. Eventually, electricity was brought to outlying villages. Over time, it became a tourist destination attracting approximately 200,000 visitors a year, primarily to Tito's Cave, and on November 24, 1981, Drvar changed its name to Titov Drvar.
Bosnian War In September 1995, Drvar, as well as some other municipalities, was taken over by Croatian forces, and the Serb population fled. Many of them moved to
Banja Luka. During this period, Drvar was nearly deserted. Leading up to 1995, Drvar was populated almost entirely by Bosnian Serbs. During the
Bosnian War between 1992 and 1995, Drvar was controlled by what is now called the
Republika Srpska. On 3 August 1995, the
Croatian Armed Forces with the help of
Bosnian Croats began shelling Drvar, from the mountain of Šator. Two Drvar citizens were killed and older men and women began to evacuate to Petrovac. One day later, the Croatian Government armed forces began "Operation Storm", called by European Union Special Envoy to the Former Yugoslavia Carl Bildt, "the most efficient ethnic cleansing we've seen in the Balkans", in the "Dalmatinska zagora" region of Croatia, and columns of hundreds of thousands of refugees in cars, on tractors, wagons and on foot began to pass through Drvar as they fled their homes in Croatia. The shelling of the outlying areas of Drvar by the Croatian Government forces had reoccurred and continued for days.
Aftermath In late 1995, after the
Dayton Peace Accord was signed, Drvar became part of the
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, after which Croat politicians enticed up to 6,000 Bosnian Croats, mainly displaced persons from central Bosnia, to move to Drvar, by promising such things as jobs and keys to vacant homes. A further 2,500 Croat
HVO troops and their families were stationed there, also occupying the homes of displaced Bosnian Serb citizens. This drastically changed the population and from 1995 to 1999 the population was primarily Croatian. In 1996, small numbers of Serbs attempted to return to their homes but faced harassment and discrimination by Croats. Nonetheless, they continued to return despite the ongoing looting and burning of their homes from 1996 to 1998. In 1998, Croat opposition to the return of displaced Bosnian Serb citizens culminated in riots and murders. Buildings and houses were torched, United Nations International Police Task Force personnel,
SFOR personnel and Mayor, Mile Marceta (elected with Serb refugee votes) were attacked, and two displaced elderly Serbs who had recently returned to Drvar were murdered. Much of the damage done to the town of Drvar was done not during the war, but during its subsequent occupation by Croat civilians and military personnel as the homes and businesses of displaced Bosnian Serbs attempting to return to Drvar were looted and burned. The local government and companies, the few that exist, are dominated by the Croats, and Serbs have difficulty finding employment.
Modern Since the end of the Bosnian War, about 5,000 Bosnian Serb residents have returned to Drvar. However, unemployment in the town stands at 80% and many residents blame the government of the
Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina for the poor economic situation. In September 2019, the
President of Serbia Aleksandar Vučić made an official visit to Drvar, along with the
Serb Member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina Milorad Dodik. Drvar is a member of the
Alliance of Serb Municipalities. ==Settlements==