Production of Jurassic World

In March 2001, Jurassic Park III director Joe Johnston said he and executive producer Steven Spielberg had discussed a story idea for a fourth Jurassic Park film. Johnston was not interested in directing the next installment, although Spielberg would return as producer. Spielberg believed that the idea, devised late in Jurassic Park IIIs production, should have been used for the third film. He considered it the best story idea since the first Jurassic Park. Development of further ideas was underway by May 2001. A month later, Johnston announced he would not direct the film and said that Spielberg's story idea would extend the Jurassic Park series' mythology. Johnston said the film would feel like a departure from its predecessors, implying it would not be set on an island. He also said the film would not involve the escaped Pteranodons from the ending of Jurassic Park III, then later hinted it would. Actor Sam Neill, who portrayed Dr. Alan Grant in two previous films in the series, said he could not imagine a way for his character to be involved in another film. Neill was contracted for three films; other actors from Jurassic Park III were also contracted for a potential fourth film. In April 2002, it was reported that the fourth Jurassic Park film would be the last in the series and that it would ignore events portrayed in its predecessor. In June, Spielberg confirmed plans for a fourth film, which he hoped Johnston would direct. The following month, William Monahan was announced as the screenwriter, with Spielberg and Kathleen Kennedy as producers. Universal Pictures would be involved in the film's production. The film was scheduled for a mid-2005 release. In January 2003, Jeff Goldblum said he had been asked to stay available for a possible return of his character Dr. Ian Malcolm. At the end of the month, it was reported the story would partially involve dinosaurs migrating to the Costa Rican mainland. A team of experts, including Grant and Malcolm, would chart an expedition to an offshore island and discover the dinosaurs breeding freely. Part of the plot would involve the characters devising a way to restrict the spread of the dinosaurs and prevent an ecological disaster. Early concept art also depicted genetically engineered human-dinosaur mercenaries, viewed by the filmmakers as a necessary evolution of the franchise. Stan Winston's special effects studio, which worked on the previous films, was in the design phase for the film as of April 2003. Winston intended for the special effects to be more advanced than in the previous films, for instance by creating animatronics of Velociraptors with internal motors, providing better control and movement. Winston said Spielberg wanted to adapt several unfilmed scenes from Michael Crichton's Jurassic Park novel and its sequel The Lost World. By July 2003, Keira Knightley was in consideration for two roles, including a small part as a granddaughter. Monahan's first draft of the script was finished later that month; the story was not set in a jungle, as in previous films. Filming was set to begin in 2004 in California and Hawaii. Neill confirmed that he would return, and Richard Attenborough said he would reprise his role as John Hammond. In October 2003, paleontologist Jack Horner said he would return as technical adviser for the fourth film, and hinted that it would have a focus on Velociraptors. He was also asked about a hypothetical idea of humans evolving from dinosaurs rather than mammals; Horner responded, "Keep thinking about that, and in a couple of years go see Jurassic Park 4". In March 2004, Johnston said he had not been asked to direct the film and hoped Spielberg would direct it. Johnston said a story was being written that would take the series in a completely different direction "away from the island and away from the T. rex and all this". A month later, script doctors were being sought to work on the story, which involved dinosaurs being trained by the government to carry and use weapons in battles. As of May 2004, screenwriter John Sayles was writing the script, after being hired to finish Monahan's earlier work. Monahan had left the project to focus on Kingdom of Heaven, and later said of his work on Jurassic Park IV, "I wrote it really funny. The kids in it were like the ones in Willy Wonka." Sayles wrote two drafts for the film. In his first draft, Isla Nublar and InGen have been taken over by Grendel Corporation, a holdings company. Creatures from the island, including Pteranodons, have begun attacking people on the mainland of Central and North America. The script featured a brief return to Isla Nublar and focused on a mercenary named Nick Harris, a new character sent by Hammond to the island to retrieve a canister of dinosaur DNA that was lost during the events of the first film. With the DNA, Hammond intends to have his scientists create a new group of infertile dinosaurs that can kill the extant ones. Harris retrieves the canister but is kidnapped and taken to Grendel's headquarters in the Swiss Alps. There, he is persuaded to help the company train a team of genetically modified Deinonychus and two Dilophosaurus for use on rescue missions and to combat drug dealers. The dinosaurs would be equipped with body armor and would use their teeth and claws as weapons. The Deinonychus would be hybrids, containing human DNA for intelligence and dog DNA for obedience. The script focused mostly on the efforts of Harris and a team of experts as they train the dinosaurs. Hammond would be the only returning character in this draft. The concept of a human who trains raptors came from Spielberg. while Alex Proyas was in discussions to direct, with filming expected to begin in nine months for a late-2005 release. Filming would begin at Pinewood Studios, where a massive tank was to be constructed for scenes involving marine reptiles. In July 2004, the script was being rewritten. Jeremy Piven and Emmy Rossum were being considered for two of the lead roles, and Glen Powell auditioned as well. Later in July, Proyas said he was not interested in directing the film. In August 2004, Drew McWeeny of Ain't It Cool News published a review of Sayles's initial draft, calling it "well-written and inventive" but "bugfuck crazy". Sayles later confirmed this as an early draft, intercepted through Spielberg's email by a hacker. Sayles was still rewriting the script in September 2004, with the film on track for a late-2005 release. Stalled progress In April 2005, Winston confirmed the film was on hold because of repeated revisions to the script, none of which satisfied Spielberg. According to Winston: "He felt neither of [the drafts] balanced the science and adventure elements effectively ... too much science will make the movie too talky, but too much adventure will make it seem hollow". Progress stalled during 2005, as Marshall and Spielberg were busy with other film projects. In January 2006, Johnston and Horner were working on a new story. A month later, Marshall said the project had a script and would begin filming in 2007 for release the following year. He later said that only a story idea existed and that a new script had not yet been written. Work on the project was expected to begin following the completion of a fourth Indiana Jones film by Spielberg and Marshall. Spielberg said in July 2006 that Johnston would direct Jurassic Park IV. At the end of the year, Laura Dern said she was open to reprising her role as Ellie Sattler but had not been contacted about appearing in the film. A few months later, Neill said he knew nothing about the project. By April 2007, Dern had been asked to reprise her role, with filming expected to begin that year for release in 2008. By that time, Johnston no longer planned to direct the film. A Writers Guild of America strike began in November 2007, and Marshall said that further work on the script would begin once the strike reached a resolution, with filming potentially starting in 2008 for a release in mid-2009. Horner's 2009 book, How to Build a Dinosaur, was originally planned for release alongside the film as a scientific companion volume. During 2008, Attenborough and Goldblum expressed interest in reprising their roles, although Attenborough suffered a fall at his home later that year and subsequently retired from acting. In addition, Crichton died at the end of 2008, and Kennedy said: "I sorta felt maybe that's it. Maybe that's a sign that we don't mess with it". Marshall said six months later that the film had no story and was a long shot. In a 2008 interview, published a year later, Johnston discussed the possibility of Jurassic Park IV, saying that its story was completely different from its predecessors and would not be set on an island. Johnston also said the film would take the series into a second Jurassic Park trilogy. In early 2010, he reiterated that the film would mark the beginning of a new trilogy. To accompany the relaunch of the Jurassic Park franchise, Spielberg wanted to release a sequel to the 1998 game Trespasser. He contacted Seamus Blackley, who oversaw the original game, to work on the sequel. Blackley's proposed game was titled Jurassic World. It would involve dinosaurs escaping from InGen's islands and reaching civilization. A pitch trailer was created in 2011, depicting loose pterosaurs attacking a surfer. Although Spielberg liked the idea, the game was canceled following a management change at Universal, and Blackley sent the art assets to Marshall. By June 2011, Spielberg had met twice with writer Mark Protosevich to work on a story for a potential fourth Jurassic Park film. In July, Johnston said he was in discussions about the film, which was still planned as the start of a new trilogy. Later that month, Spielberg confirmed that a writer was working on a treatment for the film, which he said might be released within two or three years. Universal hoped to have the film out in 2013. Spielberg initially said that the film's planned story was stronger than that of Jurassic Park III. Protosevich wrote two treatments for the film, but neither were accepted. Spielberg and Kennedy determined that the project did not have an adequate story, and ideas were still being discussed toward the end of 2011. Writers Rick Jaffa and Amanda Silver were hired in June 2012 to script Jurassic Park IV. Spielberg had been impressed by their 2011 film Rise of the Planet of the Apes. ==Pre-production==

Universal announced in January 2013 that the film would be released on June 13, 2014. A month after the announcement, it was confirmed that Kennedy would no longer produce the film, instead focusing on the Star Wars sequel trilogy. Marshall remained as a producer, Brad Bird wanted to direct Star Wars: The Force Awakens, and he suggested to Kennedy that she temporarily employ Colin Trevorrow as a stand-in for him during the film's pre-production. Under this proposal, Bird would take over the Star Wars project upon completion of his film Tomorrowland. Bird's idea prompted Kennedy and her husband, Marshall, to watch Trevorrow's 2012 film Safety Not Guaranteed, which they found impressive. At the end of February 2013, Marshall said he and Spielberg realized that Trevorrow "was deeply steeped in Jurassic Park and would bring that sense of childlike wonder to the film". Universal announced Trevorrow as director in March 2013, and Patrick Crowley as a producer alongside Marshall. A year had been spent searching for a director. Trevorrow's only prior experience in directing a major film project was the low-budget Safety Not Guaranteed. Despite Trevorrow's lack of experience on such a large film project, Crowley said "from the beginning he exhibited real characteristics of leadership and had that inherent decisiveness required. His comments and observations were wise, certainly far beyond his experience and years, and it was clear early on that he had what it takes". Filming had been set to begin seven weeks later. The delay allowed Trevorrow and Connolly more time to work on the script, Neill said it was unlikely he would be a part of the film: "I'm told it's a big reboot, a total re-jig". Trevorrow eventually stated that "reboot is a strong word. This is a new sci-fi terror adventure set 22 years after the horrific events of Jurassic Park". In June 2013, a new release date of 2015 was announced, and it was reported that the film would revolve around a fully functional dinosaur theme park. In August, Legendary Pictures was considering co-financing the film with Universal. In September 2013, Universal announced the film's new title, Jurassic World, and set its release for June 12, 2015. Trevorrow chose to rename the film from its previous title, Jurassic Park IV, to differentiate it from the earlier films in the series. He also said that within the story, "if you named a theme park 'Jurassic Park' after the disaster that had happened it would be a horrible PR mistake". New Orleans was announced as a filming location in February 2014. By that time, Legendary Pictures had agreed to co-finance the film, and provided about 20% of the budget. China Film Group has been reported as also having financed the film. Thomas Tull of Legendary Pictures served as executive producer with Spielberg. Writing Spielberg had three ideas he wanted Jaffa and Silver to incorporate into the script; a fully functioning dinosaur theme park, a human who has a relationship with trained raptors (from Sayles's earlier draft), and a human-eating dinosaur that escapes and has to be stopped. Spielberg also wanted the story to involve children. where the fossilized remains of a new dinosaur species are discovered by a Chinese paleontologist. In the draft, the remains are stolen by a corporation with malicious intentions, leading the paleontologist and her two sons to visit Jurassic Park. The script also included an opening scene with the dinosaur handler and his raptor pack jumping out of a helicopter to perform a military raid of a drug dealer's compound, an idea that was present in Sayles' earlier draft. Trevorrow said perfecting the script was the hardest part because Jurassic Park films "don't fit into a specific genre. They're sci-fi adventures that also have to be funny, emotional and scary as hell. That takes a lot of construction, but it can't feel designed". Trevorrow said this was inspired by a quotation from Ian Malcolm in the first film: "You stood on the shoulders of geniuses to accomplish something as fast as you could, and before you even knew what you had, you patented it, and packaged it, and slapped it on a plastic lunchbox, and now you wanna sell it". Trevorrow also viewed Jurassic World as a story about film sequels, explaining: "Why would you make another sequel to one of these movies? It's a horrible mistake. Well, because there's a lot of money on the table. Why would you rebuild a park? We re-make our mistakes because somebody somewhere is going to make a lot of money". Trevorrow believed that Crichton would have appreciated the film's thematic perspective on corporations. Trevorrow and Connolly retained Spielberg's three ideas, although Trevorrow felt the concept of trained raptors was, in its original form, too extreme and had to be "pulled way, way, way back". starting a few months after he was hired. Trevorrow further stated that he was "interested in what the Sayles script was trying to do because it was so daring. It was trying to set a tone for how far forward we needed to push". However, he felt that the previous scripts "took us too far forward with man's progressions with dinosaurs". Jurassic World features various references to Jurassic Park, Characters in the Jaffa/Silver draft included Vance and Whitney, who would later become Owen Grady and Claire Dearing in the Trevorrow/Connolly revision. Whitney would serve as an obstacle to Vance's plans, and would have a smaller role than that of Claire. Trevorrow felt that Whitney was the one character in the earlier script who "had the most room to grow". He chose the name "Claire", describing it as "hard on the surface but ultimately warm and loving", while Connolly chose the surname "Dearing". According to Trevorrow, Connolly "loves those Dickensian names that suggest a bit about the character, push the viewer in the direction the author wants them to go. She may seem sharp-edged at first, but ultimately she's very endearing". Trevorrow's and Connolly's script redraft also changed the story so viewers would first see the theme park from the perspective of a child. Initially, the film's new dinosaur was known as Malusaurus. In Jaffa's and Silver's draft, the new dinosaur - a non-existent species - was depicted as a real animal. Trevorrow made the dinosaur a genetically modified hybrid named Indominus rex to maintain consistency with earlier films in the series, which had incorporated the latest paleontological discoveries; he said, "I didn't wanna make up a new dinosaur and tell kids it was real". Trevorrow said that the behavior of the Indominus rex was somewhat inspired by the 2013 film Blackfish, saying the dinosaur "is kind of out killing for sport because it grew up in captivity. It's sort of, like, if the black fish orca got loose and never knew its mother and has been fed from a crane". Trevorrow said the idea of a hybrid dinosaur was "not tremendously different from [those in] the first film, by adding frog DNA. It's the next level". Trevorrow and Connolly shortened the raptor hunt for the park's new, escaped dinosaur, which in the Jaffa/Silver draft occupied the second half of the film. One scene, which was inspired by Crichton's novel The Lost World, involves Owen riding a motorcycle while his raptors race alongside him during their search for the Indominus. Spielberg had intended to include the scene as early as 2005, although his initial vision involved humans on motorcycles fleeing from raptors rather than cooperating with them. The Indominus camouflage ability is also present in The Lost World, which features Carnotaurus with the same ability. Trevorrow suggested the idea of including a Mosasaurus as part of a theme-park feeding show in which park-goers would watch from bleachers as the animal leaps out of a lagoon and catches its prey: a shark hanging above the water. Spielberg suggested lowering the bleachers afterwards to give park guests a view of the creature in its aquatic habitat. he approved Trevorrow's and Connolly's draft in September 2013. and was cast by November 2013. Within a couple weeks, Chris Pratt was in negotiations to play Owen. His casting was confirmed in January 2014, before the release of Guardians of the Galaxy, which featured a breakout role for him as Star-Lord. Trevorrow was impressed by Pratt's brief role in Zero Dark Thirty, and John Krasinski. Trevorrow and Pratt described Owen as a combination of Grant and Malcolm. Although Pratt received top billing in the cast, Trevorrow stated that Howard's character Claire is the lead role. Other prominent characters included Zach and Gray, portrayed by Nick Robinson and Ty Simpkins. Other roles were cast in early 2014, with Vincent D'Onofrio, Irrfan Khan and Omar Sy among those joining the project. Trevorrow had admired Sy's acting and wrote the character of Barry with him in mind for the role. Trevorrow also said he cast actors such as Sy because they were well-known internationally, stating that "this is a global film and Jurassic Park doesn't belong to just America". Jake Johnson, who previously starred in Trevorrow's Safety Not Guaranteed, was also cast in Jurassic World. Scarlett Johansson, a big fan of the franchise who was eventually cast as Zora Bennett in Jurassic World Rebirth, heard about the film's development and reached out to comment about her availability, but nothing worked out. BD Wong's return as Wu was announced in March 2014, with Trevorrow saying that the character would have a more significant role than he did in the original film. Wong is the only returning actor from any of the previous films. followed a month later by Andy Buckley; he and Greer portray the parents of Zach and Gray. ==Filming==

Principal photography began on April 10, 2014, at Hawaii's Honolulu Zoo. One of the 65mm cameras was previously used in the filming of Stanley Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey. The reason the filmmakers chose to shoot Jurassic World on film stock, in addition to both Spielberg and Schwartzman's personal preference for the format, was to match the visual aesthetic of the previous three film-shot Jurassic Park pictures, and because the film's exterior jungle scenes required a greater dynamic range of light than digital cameras could accommodate. The film is presented in a Univisium 2.00:1 aspect ratio, an intermediate ratio that falls between the two industry standard aspect ratios of 1.85:1 (flat) and 2.39:1 (scope). This was chosen because it allowed enough height for humans and dinosaurs to fit into the same frame without giving up a sense of scope, and closely matches the ratio of digital IMAX screens. Less than two months into filming, Trevorrow confirmed reports that the story involved a functioning dinosaur theme park and a hybrid dinosaur; he was disappointed these details could not be kept secret until the film's release. while 32TEN Studios created the park's automatic Jurassic World gates and various practical effects such as explosions. Automaker Mercedes-Benz provided several models for use as the park's staff vehicles. Hawaii Filming lasted four weeks on the Hawaiian island of Oahu. An elephant paddock at the Honolulu Zoo was used to portray Jurassic World's petting zoo. Filming in Hawaii was limited to three hours on some days because of torrential rain. Owen's motorcycle sequence with the raptors was filmed along a dirt road at Kualoa Ranch; computer-generated jungle foliage was added during post-production. Pratt crashed while filming the sequence, resulting in minor injuries. At the end of April 2014, interior footage was filmed at the Hawaii Convention Center, The film's ending, in which park guests are evacuated to an airplane hangar set up as a shelter, was filmed at the Pacific Aviation Museum Pearl Harbor on Ford Island. and continuing there for approximately two weeks. Trevorrow based the pterosaur attack sequence on triptych paintings by Hieronymus Bosch that include details for their admirers to observe. Trevorrow said about the scene: "I wanted to be able to step back and look at these tableaus of chaotic action and allow people who watch the movie over and over again ... to always see a different story as you look specifically at different parts of the frame". The pterosaur sequence includes a scene in which Claire's assistant Zara (McGrath) is carried off by several Pteranodon before falling into the park's lagoon, where she is eaten by the Mosasaurus, marking the first female death in the series. Trevorrow wanted to make it "the most spectacular death we can possibly imagine", stating: "Let's have someone die who just doesn't deserve to die at all". McGrath performed her own stunts for the scene, which involved the fall and submersion into the park's lagoon. The raptor enclosure, an octagonal, -high outdoor structure, was also constructed at the Michoud facility, as was a set for the original Jurassic Park visitor center. One jungle scene was filmed on a soundstage in Louisiana, while the rest were filmed earlier in Hawaii. In July, fake snow was used in New Orleans for scenes that depict Zach and Gray's house in Wisconsin. An evacuation scene was filmed at Audubon Zoo in New Orleans. The Jurassic World theme park was based on resorts around the world, and production designer Ed Verreaux said "we wanted to create an environment modern travelers would really want to visit". Trevorrow wanted the park to resemble "a place that could exist now, not a sci-fi imagining set in the future". To aid in the design of the Jurassic World control room, Trevorrow and Crowley visited such rooms at various Universal and Disney theme parks prior to filming. after 78 shooting days. A line of dialogue was cut during a conversation in which Wu asks Masrani "How long do you think you can control it? We won't always be the only ones who can make a dinosaur". Another deleted scene occurs during the fight between the T. rex and the Indominus, which initially would have been watched by park guests. Trevorrow chose not to include the scene because it could not be seamlessly included without disrupting the fight scene, most of which filmed in a single take. ==Creatures on screen==

Jurassic World is the first film in the series without the involvement of Stan Winston, who died in 2008. The animatronic dinosaurs were handled by Winston's former colleagues at Legacy Effects, many of whom worked on the previous three films. Legacy Effects contributed lighting reference models and a practically built animatronic. Image Engine also worked on the film's creatures and provided 280 visual effects shots. Tim Alexander served as visual effects supervisor and Jurassic Park supervisor Dennis Muren provided advice to the ILM crew on matters such as lighting the dinosaurs. ILM's studios in San Francisco, Singapore and Vancouver worked on the film. In total, Jurassic World contains 988 visual effects shots. Some of the computer-generated creatures, including those seen in the park's petting zoo, marking the first time that motion capture technology had been used in the making of a dinosaur film. ILM had also used the V-scout during location scouting. Part of the fight scene between the T. rex and the Indominus rex was inspired by a video clip that Spielberg shot of his dogs growling and lunging at each other. The dinosaur's long forelimbs were based on those of Therizinosaurus. ILM conducted many animation tests to examine the creature's unique characteristics, which include its long arms, raptor claws and small thumbs; its ability to walk on four legs and push itself up from the ground with its claws; and its ability to throw objects with its claws. Glen McIntosh, the animation supervisor for ILM, said: "We did a bunch of animation tests to explore that. We found that if you overanimated or made it too anthropomorphic and human-like in its movement, it feels it. The goal was to always make sure she felt like a gigantic animal that was a theropod but taking advantage of its extra features". The animal sounds used to create the Indominus roars included those from big pigs, whales, beluga whales, dolphins, fennec fox, lions, monkeys, and walruses. • For the film's Velociraptor, Tippett provided animatics and previsualization scenes during pre-production. The creatures were primarily created using motion capture. For the sequence in which the raptors run through the jungle hunting for the Indominus, Trevorrow was inspired by a quotation from character Robert Muldoon in the first film, in which he stated that the animals were capable of running at the same speed as a cheetah. McIntosh said: "We had seen how smart and cunning the raptors could be as hunters but we hadn't seen them as these unbelievably agile and ferociously fast animals in their native jungle environment". Legacy Effects provided one of the full-sized raptor models built for Jurassic Park to the ILM crew to use as a reference. The raptor model weighed approximately and measured approximately tall and long, which helped the animators determine the raptors' locomotion for the hunting scene. The animators determined that an animal of such size probably weighed about —as much as a fully grown Bengal tiger. They referenced an ostrich and a tiger to determine on the raptors' movements. Ostrich was chosen because it is the largest existing bird and the fastest two-legged animal alive; McIntosh said the "length of the steps and the cadence of the steps informed the animators". • The film's Tyrannosaurus rex is intended to be the same individual that appeared in the first film. Trevorrow said "we took the original design and obviously, technology has changed. So, it's going to move a little bit differently, but it'll move differently because it's older. And we're giving her some scars and we're tightening her skin. So, she has that feeling of, like, an older Burt Lancaster". The T. rex was portrayed using motion capture, • According to Trevorrow, the Mosasaurus was designed to resemble the dinosaurs created by Winston for the earlier films: "We made sure to give her a look and a kind of personality in the way we designed her face that recalled Stan Winston's designs for many of the other dinosaurs in this world. She looks like a Jurassic Park dinosaur". A full scale head of the creature was also created for the scene. Jeremy Mesana, animation supervisor for Image Engine, said: "We were always going back and staring at that little snippet from the first film. It was always interesting trying to find the feeling of the Gallimimus. Trying to capture the same essence of that original shot was really tricky". • Spinosaurus is featured in the theme park as a display skeleton that is destroyed when the T. rex is set free and smashes through it. The scene is meant as revenge for an earlier scene in Jurassic Park III, in which a Spinosaurus kills a T. rex. ==Music==

The musical score was composed by Michael Giacchino, who had previously scored the video games Warpath: Jurassic Park and The Lost World: Jurassic Park. John Williams's themes from previous Jurassic Park scores were incorporated by Giacchino, who said: "It was a really targeted approach, as to where to [include Williams's themes] and where would make the most sense and where would we most appreciate it, as fans ourselves". A soundtrack album was released on June 9, 2015, by Back Lot Music. ==See also==