Africa Nigeria In the
British colony of Nigeria, missionary forces demanded prohibition of liquor, which proved highly unpopular. Both Africans and British found illegal supplies such as secret stills, obtaining colonial liquor permits, and smuggling. The experiment began in 1890 and was repealed in 1939.
South Africa During the coronavirus outbreak of 2020, alcohol sales, and even the transportation of alcohol outside of one's home, was made illegal. This order came into effect during the nationwide lockdown on 27 March 2020. The purpose of the ban was intended to prevent drunken fights, reduce domestic violence, stop drunk driving, and eliminate the weekend binge-drinking so prevalent across South Africa. Police, medics, and analysts estimate—conservatively—that alcohol is involved in, or responsible for, at least 40% of all emergency hospital admissions. By reducing the number of people within hospitals, and of course within social gatherings, the goal of prohibition was to reduce the rate of transmission, and thus slow the spread of the virus. A 2022 study found that the alcohol prohibition reduced injury-induced mortality by at least 14% (a conservative estimate) and sharply reduced violent crime.
South Asia Afghanistan Sale of alcohol is illegal in Afghanistan.
Bangladesh In Bangladesh, alcohol is somewhat prohibited due to its
proscription in the Islamic faith. The purchase and consumption is still allowed in the country. The
Garo tribe consume a type of rice beer, and Christians in this country drink and purchase wine for their
holy communion.
India In India alcohol is a state subject and individual states can legislate prohibition, but currently most states do not have prohibition and sale/consumption is freely available in 24 out of
29 states. Prohibition is in force in the states of Mizoram,
Gujarat,
Bihar and
Nagaland, parts of
Manipur, and the
union territory of
Lakshadweep. All other
States and union territories of India permit the sale of alcohol. Election days and certain national holidays such as
Independence Day are meant to be
dry days when liquor sale is not permitted but consumption is allowed. Some Indian states observe dry days on major religious festivals/occasions depending on the popularity of the festival in that region.
Maldives The
Maldives ban the import of alcohol, x-raying all baggage on arrival. Alcoholic beverages are available only to foreign tourists on resort islands and may not be taken off the resort.
Pakistan Pakistan allowed the free sale and consumption of alcohol for three decades from 1947, but restrictions were introduced by
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto just weeks before he was removed as prime minister in 1977. Since then, only members of non-Muslim minorities such as
Hindus,
Christians and
Zoroastrians are allowed to apply for alcohol permits. The monthly quota is dependent upon one's income, but is actually about five bottles of liquor or 100 bottles of beer. In a country of 180 million, only about 60 outlets are allowed to sell alcohol. The
Murree Brewery in
Rawalpindi was once the only legal brewery, but today there are more. The ban officially is enforced by the country's Islamic Ideology Council, but it is not strictly policed. Members of religious minorities, however, often sell their liquor permits to Muslims as part of a continuing black market trade in alcohol.
Sri Lanka In 1955 Sri Lanka passed a law prohibiting adult women from buying alcohol. In January 2018, Finance Minister
Mangala Samaraweera announced that the law would be amended, allowing women to legally consume alcohol and work in venues that sell alcohol. The legalization was overruled by President
Maithripala Sirisena several days later.
West Asia Iran Since the
1979 Islamic Revolution, Muslims are banned from selling and drinking alcohol but some people trade and sell it illegally. Home production by religious minorities (Zoroastrians, Jews, and Christians) is legal.
Kuwait The consumption, importation and brewing of, and trafficking in liquor is strictly against the law.
Saudi Arabia The sale, consumption, importation and brewing of, and trafficking in liquor is strictly against the law.
Yemen Alcohol is banned in Yemen.
Korea During the
Joseon period, laws prohibiting the drinking of alcohol were frequently promulgated when there were major droughts, crop failures, or famines. The purpose of such bans was to appease the wrath of heaven, and to save food and money Nevertheless, alcoholic products can easily be found in supermarkets, specialty shops, and convenience stores all over the country. Non-
halal restaurants also typically sell alcohol.
Philippines There are only restrictions during elections in the Philippines. Alcohol is prohibited to be sold, furnished, offered, bought, or taken on the day prior to an election and on the day of an election itself. Hotels and restaurants may secure a prior exemption but even then they are only allowed to serve alcohol to non-Filipino citizens. Private consumption of alcohol hoarded prior to the ban period is tolerated. The Philippine
Commission on Elections may opt to extend the liquor ban. In the
2013 elections, there was a proposal that it be extended to five days. This was overturned by the Supreme Court. Other than election-related prohibition, alcohol is freely sold to anyone above the
legal drinking age.
Thailand Alcohol sales are prohibited during
elections from 18:00 the day prior to voting, until the end of the day of voting itself. Alcohol is also prohibited on major
Buddhist holy days, and sometimes on royal commemoration days, such as birthdays. Thailand also enforces time-limited bans on alcohol on a daily basis. Alcohol can only be legally purchased in stores or restaurants between 11:00 and midnight. The law is enforced by all major retailers (most notably 7-Eleven) and restaurants, but is frequently ignored by the smaller "mom and pop" stores. Hotels and resorts are exempt from the rules. The consumption of alcohol is also banned at any time within 200 meters of a filling station (where sale of alcohol is also illegal), schools, temples or hospitals as well as on board any type of road vehicle regardless of whether it is being consumed by the driver or passenger. At certain times of the year—Thai New Year (
Songkran) is an example—the government may also enforce arbitrary bans on the sale and consumption of alcohol in specific public areas where large scale festivities are due to take place and large crowds are expected. Thailand strictly regulates alcohol advertising, as specified in the
Alcoholic Beverage Control Act, B.E. 2551 (2008) (ABCA). Sales of alcohol via "electronic channels" (internet) are prohibited.
Europe Czech Republic On 14 September 2012, the Government of the
Czech Republic banned all sales of alcoholic drinks with more than 20% alcohol. From this date, it was illegal to sell such alcoholic beverages in shops, supermarkets, bars, restaurants, filling stations,
e-shops, etc. This measure was taken in response to the wave of
methanol poisoning cases resulting in the deaths of 18 people in the Czech Republic. Since the beginning of the "
methanol affair" the total number of deaths has increased to 25. The ban was to be valid until further notice, though restrictions were eased towards the end of September. The last bans on Czech alcohol with regard to the poisoning cases were lifted on 10 October 2012, when neighbouring
Slovakia and
Poland allowed its import once again.
Nordic countries The
Nordic countries, with the exception of
Denmark, have had a strong
temperance movement since the late-1800s, closely linked to the
Christian revival movement of the late-nineteenth century, but also to several worker organisations. As an example, in 1910 the temperance organisations in
Sweden had some 330,000 members, which was about 6% of a population of 5.5 million. This heavily influenced the decisions of Nordic politicians in the early 20th century. In 1907, the
Faroe Islands passed a law prohibiting all sale of alcohol, which was in force until 1992. Very restricted private importation from Denmark was allowed from 1928 onwards. In 1914, Sweden put in place a rationing system, the
Bratt System, in force until 1955. A
referendum in 1922 rejected an attempt to enforce total prohibition. In 1915,
Iceland instituted total prohibition. The ban for wine was lifted in 1922 and spirits in 1935, but beer remained prohibited until 1989 (circumvented by mixing light beer and spirits). In 1916,
Norway prohibited
distilled beverages, and in 1917 the prohibition was extended to also include
fortified wine and beer. The wine and beer ban was lifted in 1923, and in 1927
the ban of distilled beverages was also lifted. In 1919,
Finland enacted prohibition, as one of the first acts after independence from the
Russian Empire. Four previous attempts to institute prohibition in the early twentieth century had failed due to opposition from the
tsar. After a development similar to the one in the United States during its prohibition, with large-scale
smuggling and increasing violence and crime rates, public opinion turned against the prohibition, and after a national
referendum where 70% voted for a repeal of the law, prohibition was abolished in early 1932. Today, all Nordic countries except Denmark continue to have strict controls on the sale of alcohol, which is highly taxed (dutied) to the public. There are
government monopolies in place for selling spirits, wine, and stronger beers in Norway (
Vinmonopolet), Finland (
Alko), Sweden (),
Iceland (
Vínbúðin), and the Faroe Islands (
Rúsdrekkasøla Landsins). Bars and restaurants may, however, import alcoholic beverages directly or through other companies.
Greenland, which is part of the
Kingdom of Denmark, does not share its easier controls on the sale of alcohol. Greenland has (like Denmark) sales in food shops, but prices are typically high. Private import when travelling from Denmark is only allowed in small quantities.
Russian Empire and the Soviet Union In the
Russian Empire, a limited version of a Dry Law was introduced in 1914. It continued through the turmoil of the
Russian Revolution of 1917 and the
Russian Civil War into the period of
Soviet Russia and the
Soviet Union until 1925.
United Kingdom Although the sale or consumption of commercial alcohol has never been prohibited by law in the United Kingdom, various groups in the UK have campaigned for the prohibition of alcohol; including the
Society of Friends (Quakers),
The Methodist Church and other
non-conformists, as well as temperance movements such as
Band of Hope and
temperance Chartist movements of the nineteenth century. The village of
Bournville traditionally remains a dry town with no pubs due to the founder
John Cadbury's Quaker beliefs and wish for it to remain free of alcohol for the workers at his
Cadbury's chocolate factory. Formed in 1853 and inspired by the
Maine law in the United States, the
United Kingdom Alliance aimed at promoting a similar law prohibiting the sale of alcohol in the UK. This hard-line group of prohibitionists was opposed by other temperance organisations who preferred moral persuasion to a legal ban. This division in the ranks limited the effectiveness of the temperance movement as a whole. The impotence of legislation in this field was demonstrated when the
Sale of Beer Act 1854, which restricted Sunday opening hours, had to be repealed, following widespread rioting. In 1859, a prototype prohibition bill was overwhelmingly defeated in the House of Commons. On 22 March 1917, during the
First World War at a crowded meeting in the
Queen's Hall in London (chaired by
Alfred Booth) many influential people including
Agnes Weston spoke, or letters from them were read out, against alcohol consumption, calling for prohibition; General Sir
Reginald Hart wrote to the meeting that "Every experienced officer knew that practically all unhappiness and crime in the Army is due to drink". At the meeting,
Lord Channing said that it was a pity that the whole
Cabinet did not follow the example of
King George V and
Lord Kitchener when in 1914 those two spoke calling for complete prohibition for the duration of the war.
Edwin Scrymgeour served as Member of Parliament for Dundee between 15 November 1922 and 8 October 1931. He remains the only person to have ever been elected to the House of Commons on a prohibitionist ticket. In 1922, he defeated incumbent
Liberal member
Winston Churchill; winning the seat for the
Scottish Prohibition Party, which he had founded in 1901, and for which he had stood for election successfully as a Dundee
Burgh Councillor in 1905 and unsuccessfully as a parliamentary candidate between 1908 and 1922.
North America Canada Indigenous peoples in Canada were subject to prohibitory alcohol laws under the
Indian Act of 1876. Sections of the
Indian Act regarding liquor were not repealed for over a hundred years, until 1985. Much of the rum-running during prohibition
took place in Windsor, Ontario. The provinces later repealed their prohibition laws, mostly during the 1920s, although some local municipalities remain dry.
Mexico Some communities in the southern Mexican state of
Chiapas are under the control of the
libertarian socialist Zapatista Army of National Liberation, and often ban alcohol as part of what was described as "a collective decision". This prohibition has been used by many villages as a way to decrease domestic violence and has generally been favored by women. This prohibition, however, is not recognized by federal Mexican law as the Zapatista movement is strongly opposed by the federal government. The sale and purchase of alcohol is prohibited on and the night before certain national holidays, such as
Natalicio de Benito Juárez (birthdate of
Benito Juárez) and
Día de la Revolución, which are meant to be dry nationally. The same "dry law" applies to the days before presidential elections every six years.
United States and the
Woman's Christian Temperance Union's campaign against beer brewers. The
"water cure" was a form of torture that was in the news because of its use in the Philippines. Prohibition in the United States focused on the manufacture, transportation, and sale of alcoholic beverages; exceptions were made for medicinal and religious uses. Alcohol consumption was never illegal under federal law. Nationwide Prohibition did not begin in the United States until January 1920, when the
Eighteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution went into effect. The Eighteenth amendment was ratified in 1919, and was repealed in December 1933 with the ratification of the
Twenty-first Amendment. Concern over excessive alcohol consumption began during the American colonial era, when fines were imposed for drunken behavior and for selling liquor without a license. In the mid-19th century evangelical Protestants denounced drinking as sinful and demanded the prohibition of the sale of beer, wine and liquor. Apart from Maine, they had limited success until the early 20th century. By the 1840s the
temperance movement was actively encouraging individuals to immediately stop drinking. However, the issue of
slavery, and then the
Civil War, overshadowed the temperance movement until the 1870s. Prohibition was a major reform movement from the 1870s until the 1920s, when nationwide prohibition went into effect. It was supported by evangelical Protestant churches, especially the
Methodists,
Baptists,
Presbyterians,
Disciples of Christ,
Congregationalists, Quakers, and Scandinavian Lutherans. Opposition came from Catholics, Episcopalians, and German Lutherans. The
Women's Crusade of 1873 and the
Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU), founded in 1874, The WCTU and the
Prohibition Party were major players until the 20th century, when the
Anti-Saloon League emerged as the movement's leader. By 1913, 9 states had statewide prohibition and 31 others had local option laws in effect. The League then turned their efforts toward attaining a constitutional amendment and grassroots support for nationwide prohibition. It prohibited "the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof." On October 28, 1919, Congress passed the National Prohibition Act, known as the
Volstead Act, to implement the new 18th Amendment. After a year's required delay, national prohibition began on January 16, 1920. Illegal
stills flourished in remote rural areas as well as city slums, and large quantities were smuggled from Canada.
Bootlegging became a major business activity for organized crime groups, under leaders such as
Al Capone in
Chicago and
Lucky Luciano in
New York City. Prohibition lost support during the
Great Depression, from 1929. The repeal movement was initiated and financed by the
Association Against the Prohibition Amendment, and
Pauline Sabin, a wealthy
Republican, founded the Women's Organization for National Prohibition Reform (WONPR).
Repeal of Prohibition in the United States was accomplished with the ratification of the
Twenty-first Amendment on December 5, 1933. Under its terms, states were allowed to set their own laws for the control of alcohol, In the 21st century, there are still counties and parishes within the United States known as "
dry", where the sale of alcohol is prohibited or restricted.
South America Venezuela In Venezuela, twenty-four hours before every election, the government prohibits the sale and distribution of alcoholic beverages throughout the national territory, including the restriction to all dealers, liquor stores, supermarkets, restaurants, wineries, pubs, bars, public entertainment, clubs and any establishment that markets alcoholic beverages. The same is done during
Holy Week as a measure to reduce the alarming rate of road traffic accidents during these holidays.
Oceania Australia ,
Australian Capital Territory, following the repeal of prohibition laws in 1928 The
Australian Capital Territory (then the Federal Capital Territory) was the first jurisdiction in
Australia to have prohibition laws. In 1911,
King O'Malley, then Minister of Home Affairs, shepherded laws through Parliament preventing new issue or transfer of licences to sell alcohol, to address unruly behaviour among workers building the new capital city. Prohibition was partial, since possession of alcohol purchased outside of the Territory remained legal and the few pubs that had existing licences could continue to operate. The Federal Parliament repealed the laws after residents of the Federal Capital Territory voted for the end of them in a 1928 plebiscite. Since then, some state governments and local councils have enacted
dry areas. This is where the purchase or consumption of alcohol is only permitted in licensed areas such as liquor stores, clubs, cafes, bars, hotels, restaurants, and also private homes. In public places such as streets, parks, and squares, consumption is not permitted, but carrying bottles that were purchased at licensed venues is allowed. Almost all dry areas are small defined districts within larger urban or rural communities. More recently, alcohol has been prohibited in many remote
Indigenous communities. Penalties for transporting alcohol into these "dry" communities are severe and can result in confiscation of any vehicles involved; in dry areas within the
Northern Territory, all vehicles used to transport alcohol are seized.
New Zealand In New Zealand, prohibition was a moralistic reform movement begun in the mid-1880s by the Protestant evangelical and Nonconformist churches and the
Woman's Christian Temperance Union and after 1890 by the Prohibition League. It assumed that individual virtue was all that was needed to carry the colony forward from a pioneering society to a more mature one, but it never achieved its goal of national prohibition. Both the Church of England and the largely Irish Catholic Church rejected prohibition as an intrusion of government into the church's domain, while the growing labor movement saw capitalism rather than alcohol as the enemy. Reformers hinged their aspiration on the women's vote, in which New Zealand was a pioneer, would swing the balance, but the women were not as well organized as in other countries. Prohibition had a majority in a national referendum in 1911, but needed a 60% vote to pass. The movement kept trying in the 1920s, losing three more referendums by close votes; it managed to keep in place a
6 pm closing hour for pubs and Sunday closing. The Depression and war years effectively ended the movement, ==Elections==