Epimorphism

In a concrete category (in which each object has an underlying set), if the underlying function of a morphism is surjective, then the morphism is epi. In many concrete categories of interest the converse is also true. For example, in the following categories, the epimorphisms are exactly those morphisms that are surjective on the underlying sets: • Set: sets and functions. To prove that every epimorphism in Set is surjective, we compose it with both the characteristic function of the image and the map that is constant 1. • Rel: sets with binary relations and relation-preserving functions. Here we can use the same proof as for Set, equipping with the full relation {{math|{0, 1}×}}. • Pos: partially ordered sets and monotone functions. If is not surjective, pick in and let be the characteristic function of and the characteristic function of . These maps are monotone if is given the standard ordering . • Grp: groups and group homomorphisms. The result that every epimorphism in Grp is surjective is due to Otto Schreier (he actually proved more, showing that every subgroup is an equalizer using the free product with one amalgamated subgroup); an elementary proof can be found in (Linderholm 1970). • FinGrp: finite groups and group homomorphisms. Also due to Schreier; the proof given in (Linderholm 1970) establishes this case as well. • Ab: abelian groups and group homomorphisms. • -Vect: vector spaces over a field and -linear transformations. • Mod-: right modules over a ring and module homomorphisms. This generalizes the two previous examples; to prove that every epimorphism in Mod- is surjective, we compose it with both the canonical quotient map and the zero map . • Top: topological spaces and continuous functions. To prove that every epimorphism in Top is surjective, we proceed exactly as in Set, giving {0, 1} the indiscrete topology, which ensures that all considered maps are continuous. • HComp: compact Hausdorff spaces and continuous functions. If is not surjective, let Since is closed, by Urysohn's Lemma there is a continuous function such that is on and on . We compose with both and the zero function However, there are also many concrete categories of interest where epimorphisms fail to be surjective. A few examples are: • In the category of monoids, Mon, the inclusion map N → Z is a non-surjective epimorphism. To see this, suppose that g1 and g2 are two distinct maps from Z to some monoid M. Then for some n in Z, g1(n) ≠ g2(n), so g1(−n) ≠ g2(−n). Either n or −n is in N, so the restrictions of g1 and g2 to N are unequal. • In the category of algebras over commutative ring R, take R[x]\to R[x,x^{-1}] the polyomials over R included in the Laurent polynomials (this is the morphism of monoid rings corresponding to the above inclusion N → Z). This is an epimorphism since any homomorphism of algebras respects multiplicative inverse whenever it is defined, so the image of x\in R[x] determines the image of any Laurent polynomial. • In the category of rings, Ring, the inclusion map Z → Q is a non-surjective epimorphism; to see this, note that any ring homomorphism on Q is determined entirely by its action on Z, similar to the previous example. A similar argument shows that the natural ring homomorphism from any commutative ring R to any one of its localizations is an epimorphism. • In the category of commutative rings, a finitely generated homomorphism of rings f : R → S is an epimorphism if and only if for all prime ideals P of R, the ideal Q generated by f(P) is either S or is prime, and if Q is not S, the induced map Frac(R/P) → Frac(S/Q) is an isomorphism (EGA IV 17.2.6). • In the category of Hausdorff spaces, Haus, the epimorphisms are precisely the continuous functions with dense images. For example, the inclusion map Q → R is a non-surjective epimorphism. The above differs from the case of monomorphisms where it is more frequently true that monomorphisms are precisely those whose underlying functions are injective. As for examples of epimorphisms in non-concrete categories: • If a monoid or ring is considered as a category with a single object (composition of morphisms given by multiplication), then the epimorphisms are precisely the right-cancellable elements. • If a directed graph is considered as a category (objects are the vertices, morphisms are the paths, composition of morphisms is the concatenation of paths), then every morphism is an epimorphism. ==Properties==

Every isomorphism is an epimorphism; indeed only a right-sided inverse is needed: suppose there exists a morphism such that fj = idY. For any morphisms h_1, h_2: Y \to Z where h_1f = h_2f, you have that h_1 = h_1 id_Y = h_1fj = h_2fj = h_2. A map with such a right-sided inverse is called a split epi. In a topos, a map that is both a monic morphism and an epimorphism is an isomorphism. The composition of two epimorphisms is again an epimorphism. If the composition fg of two morphisms is an epimorphism, then f must be an epimorphism. As some of the above examples show, the property of being an epimorphism is not determined by its behavior as a function, but also by the category of context. If D is a subcategory of C, then every morphism in D that is an epimorphism when considered as a morphism in C is also an epimorphism in D. However the converse need not hold; the smaller category can (and often will) have more epimorphisms. As for most concepts in category theory, epimorphisms are preserved under equivalences of categories: given an equivalence F : C → D, a morphism f is an epimorphism in the category C if and only if F(f) is an epimorphism in D. A duality between two categories turns epimorphisms into monomorphisms, and vice versa. The definition of epimorphism may be reformulated to state that f : X → Y is an epimorphism if and only if the induced maps :\begin{matrix}\operatorname{Hom}(Y,Z) &\rightarrow& \operatorname{Hom}(X,Z)\\ g &\mapsto& gf\end{matrix} are injective for every choice of Z. This in turn is equivalent to the induced natural transformation :\begin{matrix}\operatorname{Hom}(Y,-) &\rightarrow& \operatorname{Hom}(X,-)\end{matrix} being a monomorphism in the functor category SetC. Every coequalizer is an epimorphism, a consequence of the uniqueness requirement in the definition of coequalizers. It follows in particular that every cokernel is an epimorphism. The converse, namely that every epimorphism be a coequalizer, is not true in all categories. In many categories it is possible to write every morphism as the composition of an epimorphism followed by a monomorphism. For instance, given a group homomorphism f : G → H, we can define the group K = im(f) and then write f as the composition of the surjective homomorphism G → K that is defined like f, followed by the injective homomorphism K → H that sends each element to itself. Such a factorization of an arbitrary morphism into an epimorphism followed by a monomorphism can be carried out in all abelian categories and also in all the concrete categories mentioned above in (though not in all concrete categories). == Related concepts ==

Among other useful concepts are regular epimorphism, extremal epimorphism, immediate epimorphism, strong epimorphism, and split epimorphism. • An epimorphism is said to be regular if it is a coequalizer of some pair of parallel morphisms. • An epimorphism f is said to be strict if it is a coequalizer of every pair of morphisms g, h such that f \circ g = f \circ h. • An epimorphism \varepsilon is said to be extremal if in each representation \varepsilon=\mu\circ\varphi, where \mu is a monomorphism, the morphism \mu is automatically an isomorphism. • An epimorphism \varepsilon is said to be immediate if in each representation \varepsilon=\mu\circ\varepsilon', where \mu is a monomorphism and \varepsilon' is an epimorphism, the morphism \mu is automatically an isomorphism. • An epimorphism \varepsilon:A\to B is said to be strong if for any monomorphism \mu:C\to D and any morphisms \alpha:A\to C and \beta:B\to D such that \beta\circ\varepsilon=\mu\circ\alpha, there exists a morphism \delta:B\to C such that \delta\circ\varepsilon=\alpha and \mu\circ\delta=\beta. • An epimorphism \varepsilon is said to be split if there exists a morphism \mu such that \varepsilon\circ\mu=1 (in this case \mu is called a right-sided inverse for \varepsilon). There is also the notion of homological epimorphism in ring theory. A morphism f: A → B of rings is a homological epimorphism if it is an epimorphism and it induces a full and faithful functor on derived categories: D(f) : D(B) → D(A). A morphism that is both a monomorphism and an epimorphism is called a bimorphism. Every isomorphism is a bimorphism but the converse is not true in general. For example, the map from the half-open interval [0,1) to the unit circle S1 (thought of as a subspace of the complex plane) that sends x to exp(2πix) (see Euler's formula) is continuous and bijective but not a homeomorphism since the inverse map is not continuous at 1, so it is an instance of a bimorphism that is not an isomorphism in the category Top. Another example is the embedding in the category Haus; as noted above, it is a bimorphism, but it is not bijective and therefore not an isomorphism. Similarly, in the category of rings, the map is a bimorphism but not an isomorphism. Epimorphisms are used to define abstract quotient objects in general categories: two epimorphisms f1 : X → Y1 and f2 : X → Y2 are said to be equivalent if there exists an isomorphism j : Y1 → Y2 with This is an equivalence relation, and the equivalence classes are defined to be the quotient objects of X. == Terminology ==

The companion terms epimorphism and monomorphism were first introduced by Bourbaki. Bourbaki uses epimorphism as shorthand for surjective function. Early category theorists believed that epimorphisms were the correct analogue of surjections in an arbitrary category, similar to how monomorphisms are a near analogue of injections. Unfortunately this is incorrect; strong or regular epimorphisms behave much more like surjections than do ordinary epimorphisms. Saunders Mac Lane attempted to create a distinction between epimorphisms, which were maps in a concrete category whose underlying set maps were surjective, and epic morphisms, which are epimorphisms in the categorical sense. However, this distinction never caught on. It is a common misconception that epimorphism is a better concept than surjectivity. Unfortunately, this is rarely the case; epimorphisms can be very mysterious and have unexpected behavior. It is very difficult, for example, to classify all the epimorphisms of rings. In general, epimorphism is an unruly concept, related to surjectivity but fundamentally different. == See also ==