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New Jersey amber

New Jersey Amber, sometimes called Raritan amber, is amber found in the Raritan and Magothy Formations of the Central Atlantic (Eastern) coast of the United States. It is dated to the Late Cretaceous, Turonian age, based on pollen analysis of the host formations. It has been known since the 19th century, with several of the old clay-pit sites now producing many specimens for study. It has yielded a number of organism fossils, including fungi, plants, tardigrades, insects and feathers. The first identified Cretaceous age ant was described from a fossil found in New Jersey in 1966.

Occurrence
Though named after New Jersey, the fossil-bearing strata of the Raritan and overlying Magothy formations are also exposed in several neighboring U.S. states, including Maryland through south and central New Jersey, across Staten Island and Long Island (coastal areas of New York state), to a northern exposure at Martha's Vineyard, an island of Massachusetts. Amber deposits of the Raritan Formation are mainly in the Old Bridge sand member and South Amboy Fire Clay Member, with the latter being fossilized in situ, with no disturbance after deposition. Palynological dating of the South Amboy Fire clay has returned a Turonian age, placing the members in the ComplexiopollisSantanacites palynostratigraphic zones. ==Chemistry==
Chemistry
New Jersey amber is grouped by Anderson 1992 as a Class Ib amber, being composed of labdanoid diterpenes, and lacking a presence of succinic acid in the structure. The color of the amber ranges from clear yellows and yellow oranges through opaque yellows and reds. The amber is noted to be brittle and friable, with specimens noted to crack and craze. Deep-red amber specimens are also noted to form deep needle-like cracks. A series of tests on ambers, including New Jersey amber, was published in 2012 by Bisulca et al. Exposure to a combination of light and humidity changes can cause significant crazing. The amber also has a distinct light absorbance curve that peaks in the ultraviolet B range at 385 nm. This is similar to the slightly older Burmese amber, which has an absorbance peak of 380 nm. Exposure to increase in temperature over a period of time has been shown to result in "yellowing" or darkening of the amber over a long period of time, though not to as significant a degree as seen in Baltic amber. Overall the stability of New Jersey amber is low due its UV absorption, making specimens susceptible to UV deterioration. The only conditions that Bisulca et al identified which seemed to produce stable New Jersey amber specimens were those that were anoxic. ==Botanical origin==
Botanical origin
Edward W. Berry notes that an "amber-like" substance preserved in resin canals of fossil conifer cones that he assigned to taxon "Dammara". Berry suggests that the majority of the amber in the taxon was considered araucarian in relationship by Barry and his contemporaries. Restudy of the fossils identify them as not araucarian, but cupressaceous in relation. Wilson and Carpenter noted in 1966 that study of pollen spores and cones in the Mogathy and older Potomac Formation has suggested Metasequoia, Sequoiadendron or a related Taxodiaceae genus. Work using pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy published in 2000 linked the amber to the "Dammara conescales, fossil Pityoxylon woods and possibly Juniperus hypnoides foliage. Further work identified methyl callitrisate, a identifying compound of Cupressaceae, in the ambers composition. == Paleobiology ==
Paleobiology
'' '' The organisms preserved in New Jersey amber are diverse, with fungus, plant, and animal inclusions having been described. Fungi are represented by a single described Agaricales species. Plant fossils are also sparse, with conifer shoots from a Cupressaceae member, plus several undescribed flowers from a fagalean angiosperm. Of the inclusions found in Sayreville ambers, 34% are identified as dipterans, In 2010 the coccoid number was reported to only be 10% of all inclusions, while nematoceran flies made up 30% of the inclusions and parasitoid wasps also constituted 30%. The plants, such as Microvictoria svitkoana were entombed in the anoxic forest floor and then transformed to carbon remains by possible forest fires. Specimens of amber show evidence of heating in fire as well, having large amounts of bubbles on outer surfaces, and a milky to chalky coloration. The fires are one of possible causes for the large amount of resin production that resulted in the amber. Description of a fossil Ptinidae beetle in 2015 has added more evidence for the possible insect origin of the resin production. ==Taxa==
Taxa
FungiArchaeomarasmius leggeti PlantaeJuniperus hypnoides? ArachnidsAraneinae genus and species indeterminate • Dictynidae genus and species indeterminate • Linyphiidae genus and species indeterminate • Segestria? species indeterminate Insects BlattodeaJantaropterix newjersey ColeopteraAttagenus (Aethriostoma) turonianensisCretocar luzziiMesotachyporus puer. • Phloeocharis agerataSayrevilleus grimaldii DipteransAlautunmyia elongataArchichrysotus incompletusCheilotrichia (Empeda) cretaceaCretagaster raritanensisCretomicrophorus novemundusCulicoides grandibocusCulicoides truncatusEctrepesthoneura swolenskyiHilarimorphites setosaStilobezzia kurthiXenotrichomyia newjerseyiensis EphemeropteraAmerogenia macropsAureophlebia sinitshenkovaeBorephemera goldmaniGrimaldiella gregariaJersicoccus kurthiLabiococcus joostiPostopsyllidium emilyaeVianagramma goldmaniVianathauma pericartiArchaeromma gibsoniCretotrigona priscaElectrobaissa omegaElasmophron kurthiGrimaldivania ackermaniNewjersevania caseiTagsmiphron muesebeckiProtorhyssalus goldmaniSpathopria sayrevillensis FormicidaeBaikuris caseiSphecomyrma freyiSphecomyrma mesakiJersimantis luzziiRhachibermissa splendida PsocopteransJerseyempheria grimaldii RaphidiopteraMesoraphidia luzzii TrichopteraAgraylea (Nanoagraylea) cretariaWormaldia praecursor Vertebrata Aves genus and species indeterminate == References ==
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