Roman Festivals (Respighi)

Having completed the work, Respighi felt that he had incorporated the "maximum of orchestral sonority and colour" from the orchestra and could no longer write such large scale pieces. It was at this time that he started to favour compositions for smaller ensembles. Although Roman Festivals is generally considered as less successful than its two predecessors, conductor and Respighi interpreter Yan Pascal Tortelier points to the "really inspired mix of sophisticated orchestration, chromaticism, harmony and powerful driving rhythms" used in the piece, and judges "La Befana" as "exuberant, almost orgiastic" and "much more varied and satisfying musically" than the similarly eruptive final movement of Pines of Rome. ==Movements==

The piece consists of four movements, for which Respighi wrote programmatic notes describing each scene. "Circus Games" depicts the ancient contests in which gladiators battled to the death, with the sound of trumpet fanfares. Strings and woodwinds suggest the plainchant of the first Christian martyrs which are heard against the snarls of the beasts against which they are pitted. The movement ends with violent orchestral chords, complete with organ pedal, as the martyrs succumb. "The Jubilee" portrays the every-fiftieth-year festival in the Papal tradition (see Christian Jubilee). Respighi quotes the German Easter hymn, "Christ ist erstanden". Pilgrims approaching Rome catch a breath-taking view from Mt. Mario, as church bells ring in the background. "The October Harvest" represents the harvest and hunt festival in Rome. The French horn solo celebrates the harvest as bells and a mandolin portrays love serenades. "The Epiphany" takes place in the Piazza Navona. Trumpets sound again and create a festive clamour of Roman songs and dances, including a barrel organ and a drunken reveler depicted by a solo tenor trombone. ==Instrumentation==

Feste romane is scored for the following large orchestra, including some unusual instruments intended to suggest music of earlier times: • Woodwinds: 3 flutes (3rd doubling piccolo), 2 oboes, cor anglais, 2 clarinets in B and A, piccolo clarinet in D, bass clarinet in B and A, 2 bassoons, and contrabassoon • Brass: 4 horns in F, 4 trumpets in B, C and A, 2 tenor trombones, bass trombone, bass tuba and 3 soprano buccine in B1 • Percussion: timpani, bells, glockenspiel, cymbals, bass drum with cymbals, field drum, snare drum, ratchet, sleigh bells, tambourine, tam-tam, triangle, high and low wood blocks (horse hooves), and xylophone • Keyboard: piano (2 and 4 hands), and organ • Strings: mandolin, 1st and 2nd violins, violas, violoncellos, and double basses 1 Respighi noted that the buccine may be replaced by trumpets, a substitution which most modern orchestras make. ==Performances and recordings==

Arturo Toscanini and the New York Philharmonic premiered the music in Carnegie Hall on 21 February 1929. ==Arrangements==

This work was transcribed (in the original key) for the United States Marine Band by Don Patterson in 2010. This transcription was recorded on the CD Feste, conducted by Michael J. Colburn. ==Appearances==

• The movement "Circenses" was played on BBC Radio 4 Educational Radio series in the 1980s, Roman Britain during an introduction. • The movement "Circenses" was used in the 1947 American film Fireworks. • The movement "Circenses" appeared in Sydney New Year's Eve in 2003/2004. ==References==