Royal tours of Canada

Originally, official tours were events predominantly for Canadians to see and possibly meet members of their royal family, with the associated patriotic pomp and spectacle. However, nearing the end of the 20th century, such occasions took on the added dimension of a theme; for instance, the 2005 tour of Saskatchewan and Alberta by Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, was deemed to be a vehicle for the Queen and Canadians to honour "the spirit of nation builders" and the couple's tour in 2010 was themed "honouring the Canadian record of service—past, present, and future." Between 1951 and 2018, 24 members of the royal family toured the country; at least one per year from 1957 to 2018. Queen Elizabeth II undertook the most tours of any member of the royal family: 22 between 1951 and 2010, followed by her son, Charles, who conducted his first in 1970. Official royal tours have always been vested with civic importance, providing a regionalised country with a common thread of loyalty. The Saskatchewan Office of Visual Identity and Protocol states that, "royal visits lend the prestige of the royal family to worthy causes such as health care, education, the arts, the disabled, multicultural groups, and the volunteer sector. And they attract national and international attention to Saskatchewan's resources, industry, culture, and tourism." Royal tours can take more than a year to organize. The planning is coordinated by the Canadian secretary to the King. The regions to be visited are decided by a rotational formula. Badges Beginning with the royal tour undertaken by Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh (later Queen Elizabeth II) in 1951, unique badges were created for Elizabeth's official tours of Canada. Though none were produced between 1951 and 1970, one was devised for each of the queen's tours thereafter, until her last in 2010. The same was done for tours carried out by Elizabeth's consort, Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, beginning in 1985, and by their children; the first for Prince Charles was designed in 1975, the first for Princess Anne in 1979, the first for Prince Andrew in 1985, and the first for Prince Edward in 1987. The initial badge for tours by the Queen Mother was produced in 1979, and those for Princess Margaret and Princess Alexandra both came in 1980; the first for Prince William was devised for his royal tour in 2011. The badge for Princess Elizabeth consists of a gold maple leaf surrounded by a gold circle bearing the words (the official motto of Canada), along with "Canada" and the year, 1951. For the two royal tours conducted by Prince Andrew and his wife, Sarah, Duchess of York, in 1987 and 1989, the cypher used was their initials intertwined. For the 1976 tour of Canada by Queen Elizabeth II, during which she opened the Summer Olympics in Montreal, the badge design included the Olympic Rings. The badges were initially conceived by Bruce Beatty for the Department of the secretary of state of Canada. They are worn as a pins by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police security detail and logistics personnel during official Canadian royal tours (as opposed to working, private, or provincial tours). ==Walkabouts==

During the royal tour of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in 1939, the Queen initiated the tradition of the "royal walkabout", though her brother-in-law, the former king Edward VIII, had often met ordinary Canadian people in 1919, when Prince of Wales; as he said, "getting off the train to stretch my legs, I would start up conversations with farmers, section hands, miners, small town editors, or newly arrived immigrants from Europe." ==18th century==

, Newfoundland, under the command of Prince William Henry, the first member of the royal family to visit Canada As an officer in the Royal Navy, Prince William Henry (later King William IV) was the first member of the royal family to visit the Newfoundland Colony, the colony of Nova Scotia, and the Province of Quebec (later Lower and Upper Canada), arriving halfway through 1786 and remaining until 1788, with a posting to the Caribbean and a return to the United Kingdom in between. Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn became the second member of the royal family to tour the Canadian colonies and the first to live there for an extended period of time. He arrived in Quebec City in 1791 and resided there, also visiting Upper Canada in 1792, until departing for the Martinique in 1794. He then lived in Halifax until 1800, with a brief return to the United Kingdom in 1799. ==19th century==

The 19th century saw the beginning of modern royal tours in the country, with travel becoming easier and faster due to technological innovations such as the steamship, and rail transports. The mid-18th century marked the final time a member of the royal family made a transatlantic crossing by sailing ship; as royal family members began to travel by steamship in the late-19th century. While travelling through Canada, multiple modes of transportation were used when touring within Canada, including rail, on foot, and various-sized water vessels. 1860 royal tour On 14 May 1859, the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada petitioned Queen Victoria, and other members of the royal family to visit Montreal for the opening of Victoria Bridge. Unwilling to leave London in the hands of rivaling politicians, Victoria instead accepted the Canadian invitation on behalf of her son, Albert Edward, the prince of Wales (later Edward VII). The prince of Wales undertook a two-month tour of Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and the Province of Canada in 1860. This first official royal tour of British North America was considered a success and helped lead to the unification of the colonies seven years later by confirming a common bond between their inhabitants. The prince of Wales' royal tour was used as the standard model for future royal tours for the next century. Newfoundland and the Maritime colonies , aboard HMS Hero, in St. John's harbour, July 1860 The prince of Wales reached St. John's, Newfoundland in 1860, receiving the typical welcome of an official address, a levee, and a formal ball. During his time there, he attended the St. John's Regatta and was gifted a Newfoundland dog on behalf of Newfoundlanders. Travelling from St. John's he arrived in Halifax on 2 August and then on to Windsor and Hantsport. The royal party boarded HMS Styx to Saint John. On 4 August, the prince travelled the St John River to Fredericton, where he attended a reception and inaugurated a park. He thereafter travelled to Pictou, Nova Scotia, and returned to several communities, including Saint John, and Windsor. He landed at Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, on 10 August. Along with formal ball and levee, the prince toured the countryside around Charlottetown and visited Province House. Province of Canada The prince of Wales was formally welcomed into the Province of Canada by a Canadian delegation, who came aboard HMS Hero near Percé Rock. The Canadian welcome delegation consisted of the governor general of the Province of Canada, Edmund Walker Head, and Joint Premiers, George-Étienne Cartier, and John A. Macdonald. Arriving in Quebec City on 17 August, the prince knighted Narcisse Belleau, Speaker of the Legislative Council, and Henry Smith, Speaker of the Legislative Assembly. During his time there, he also visited Montmorency Falls, and made an address at the Université Laval. in Montreal. Following his visit to Quebec City, the prince of Wales proceeded towards Montreal aboard HMS Hero, joined by several members of the Legislative Assembly near Trois-Rivières. Arriving in Montreal, he took a specially-built open railway car to the Victoria Bridge in Pointe-Saint-Charles, and tapped in-place the final-laid stone for the bridge. During his five-day stay in Montreal, he stayed at the viceregal residence Spencerwood, and inaugurated the city's Crystal Palace, recalling the favourable impression made by Canadians at the Great Exhibition in an address to the crowd. There, he rode on the Maid of the Mist. At Queenston, he met with 160 War of 1812 veterans, dedicated a rebuilt Brock's Monument, and visited Laura Secord. From Queenston, he moved towards Niagara-on-the-Lake, St. Catharines, and Hamilton. , Canada West, September 1860. Completing his royal tour of the Province of Canada in late-September, the prince of Wales departed for the United States from Windsor, Ontario. Taking a month-long personal tour of the United States, he travelled under the pseudonym "Lord Renfrew," in an attempt to not attract attention to himself. The Canadian co-premieres saw off the prince's during his departure from Canada, and again from the United States, travelling to Portland, Maine, on 20 October 1860 to see the prince off. 1861–1883 In 1861, Prince Alfred took a five-week tour of The Maritimes, Newfoundland, and the Province of Canada. While escorting Prince Alfred through Canada West, the governor general of Canada used the opportunity to make sketches of American defences around the Great Lakes. From 1869 to 1870, Prince Arthur was stationed in Canada as a British Army officer in the Rifle Brigade's Montreal detachment. Arriving in Halifax, he undertook a two-month royal tour of the colony of Prince Edward Island, and the newly formed Dominion of Canada, before returning to military duty in Montreal. In the same year, the Six Nations of the Grand River conferred the title of chief to Prince Arthur. In a formal ceremony, the chief of the three "clans" of the Mohawks received the prince, and conferred upon him the name "Kavakoudge," meaning "the sun flying from east to west under the guidance of the Great Spirit." Although the title of chief was bestowed as an honorary title to a number of individuals, Arthur underwent the necessary rituals to formalize the title in Mohawk society. met with the chiefs of the Six Nations at the Mohawk Chapel. During his time in Canada, Prince Arthur became the first member of the royal family to attend the opening of the Canadian parliament, in February 1870. Prince Arthur, along with his regiment, was present at the Battle of Eccles Hill, a raid conducted by the American-based Fenian Brotherhood, on 25 May 1870. The prince was awarded the Canada General Service Medal for his participation in the Fenian raids. Returning to the United Kingdom in 1870, Prince Arthur would return to Canada on two more occasions, the latter visit as the governor general of Canada. Other members of the royal family were also in Canada as a part of their military service during the late-1870s and early-1880s. Prince Alfred was stationed at Royal Naval Dockyard, Halifax from time to time between 1878 and 1883, as Commander of the Royal Navy's North Atlantic Squadron. Princess as the viceregal consort (1878–1883) and the Marquess of Lorne in November 1878. In 1878, Benjamin Disraeli, the prime minister of the United Kingdom, requested the Marquess of Lorne be appointed the next governor general of Canada, with his wife, Princess Louise, to be viceregal consort. Disraeli's nomination of Lord Lorne was largely motivated by his desire to see a member of the royal family reside in Canada for an extended period. Prior to his appointment as the Canadian governor general, Lord Lorne was virtually unknown to the public, with little concrete record of public service. The attraction for appointing Lord Lorne to the office was having his spouse, Princess Louise, reside in Canada. , during the opening the 4th Canadian Parliament, 1879. Arriving in Canada on 23 November 1878, the viceregal couple was greeted by Prince Alfred, who was a Royal Navy officer stationed in Halifax. Lord Lorne was formally sworn in as the governor general in Province House, Halifax, before they proceeded towards the capital, in Ottawa. Arriving in Ottawa on 2 December, the head of the Canadian ministry, John A. Macdonald, was not present at the viceregal welcome reception. Macdonald's absence from the welcome reception was depicted as a purposeful insult to the princess by the opposition Liberal Party. They took a private trip to Niagara Falls in January 1879, before returning to Ottawa to open the 4th Canadian Parliament, on 13 February 1879. They undertook an official tour of Eastern Canada from mid-May 1879, touring Montreal during Victoria Day, awarding prizes to officer cadets of the Royal Military College of Canada in Kingston. On 9 June, they opened Terrasse Dufferin in Quebec City, and later laid the cornerstone of Porte Kent, gifted to the city from Queen Victoria. Following their tour of Quebec, they proceeded towards the Maritimes and Ontario. In Toronto, they opened the first Canadian National Exhibition, and attended the Queen's Plate. During their time in Ottawa, both Lord Lorne and Louise worked towards the creation of a national arts association, establishing the Royal Canadian Academy of Arts in 1880. On 14 February 1880 in Ottawa, Princess Louise was injured when her horse-drawn sleigh turned over. Hitting her head on the metal frame of the sleigh, Louise suffered from neuralgia after the incident. The public was not made aware of the event, with the aide-de-camp to the governor general downplaying the incident to the press. She did not make another public appearance until April 1880. While recovering, she was visited by her brother Prince Leopold. Louise and Leopold privately toured Quebec, Ontario, and the American city of Chicago until 31 July 1880, when both returned to the United Kingdom. around Christmas, c. 1880s. During Lord Lorne's 1881 tour of the North-West Territories, he proposed a district of the territory be named Alberta after his wife (whose full name was Louise Caroline Alberta). Similarly, Princess Louise was the one who proposed the name for Regina, from the Latin word for 'queen'. Louise returned to Canada until 4 June 1882, although rumors of a Fenian plot against her forced her to remain in the Citadelle of Quebec, a military installation used by the Canadian militia, and the secondary residence for the Monarch, and the governor general. On 30 August, Lord Lorne and Louise set out for an official tour of British Columbia, visiting Victoria, and meeting with a First Nations delegation in New Westminster. Louise remained in Victoria as Lord Lorne continued with the official tour into the British Columbia Interior. They remained in the province until 7 December 1882, with their tour extended to counter secessionist sentiments in the province, a result of the federal government's failure to produce a transcontinental rail link by 1881. Robert Beaven, the premier of British Columbia was said to have suggested the province secede from Canada, and establish an independent kingdom with Louise as its queen. The resulting crisis had spurred Lord Lorne to push the Canadian government to hasten the development of the Canadian Pacific Railway. Louise was visited by another member of the royal family, Prince George of Wales, in April 1883. Shortly before the end of his fifth year as governor general, Lord Lorne declined an option to serve the position for another year. His decision to turn down an additional year in office was questioned by some, with Queen Victoria suspecting that Lord Lorne was jealous of Louise's popularity with Canadians, in contrast to his own. The Marquess and Princess Louise concluded their term in Canada with a farewell tours in Montreal, and Toronto, leaving for the United Kingdom from Quebec City on 27 October 1883. 1884–1900 In 1890, Prince Arthur conducted another tour of Canada, arriving in British Columbia from his earlier service with the British Army in the British Raj. During this tour, he travelled east towards the Maritimes, primarily by railway, before continuing on to the United Kingdom. Princess Marie Louise arrived in Canada in 1900 to tour the country, however controversy surrounding her spouse, Prince Aribert of Anhalt forced her to return to the United Kingdom shortly after her arrival. After Prince Aribert was found in bed with another man, his father, Frederick I, Duke of Anhalt, accused Marie Louise of indecency, claiming that his son was denied his conjugal rights. Marie Louise was at Rideau Hall when the governor general gave her two telegrams instructing her to return to the United Kingdom immediately. Her marriage with Prince Aribert was annulled in December 1900, with his father using his prerogative as a reigning Duke of Anhalt to annul the marriage. ==Early 20th century (1901–1950)==

1900s 1901 royal tour in Montreal and Quebec City. He visited most of the provinces during his 1901 royal tour. The first royal tour after the death of Queen Victoria was conducted by the second son of the reigning king, Prince George, Duke of Cornwall and York (later George V), his spouse, Mary, Duchess of Cornwall and York (later Queen Mary), and the duchess's brother, Prince Alexander of Teck (later the Earl of Athlone). The tour in Canada formed a part of a larger eight-month royal tour of the British Empire that began on 16 March 1901, with the duke and duchess's departure from Portsmouth, United Kingdom. In Canada alone, the royal party crossed some 80,500 kilometres (50,000 miles). The Canadian portion of the tour was originally planned to begin in British Columbia, proceeding eastward through the country. However, after South Africa was added onto the royal tour, the decision was made to begin to the royal tour in Quebec City, and conclude it in Halifax. As the period of court mourning for Queen Victoria's death had not yet expired during their time in Canada, public balls, banquets, and levees planned for the royal tour were cancelled, with only official dinners, concerts, receptions, and reviews taking place. During the tour, Prince George kept a methodical record of his activities, recording that he shook the hands of 24,855 people at official receptions; received 544 addresses; laid 21 cornerstones; gave 100 speeches; and presented 4,329 medals. The Canadian portion of the 1901 royal tour began 16 September 1901, when the arrived in Quebec City. The royal partywhich consisted of 22 people, landed at Quebec City on 16 September. During his time in Quebec City, Prince George invested Lieutenant Richard Turner with the Victoria Cross for his conduct during the Battle of Leliefontein in a ceremony at the Plains of Abraham, and spoke to students at the Université Laval. Moving west of Quebec City by railway, the group made stops to Montreal, and Ottawa. Throughout the royal tour, Prince George placed an emphasis on praising the creation and expansion of the country during his own lifetime, giving a speech about the country's development and growth in Ottawa and Winnipeg. In Ottawa, Prince George dedicated the Alexandra Bridge in Ottawa, rode a timber slide, and watched the lacrosse final for the Minto Cup, a match he enjoyed so much he kept the ball that was used. Following their departure from Halifax, the global royal tour proceeded towards Newfoundland, a separate colony not associated with Canada at the time. Tercentenary of Quebec City (1908) , 1908 In 1908 the Canadian government asked King Edward VII to preside over the tercentenary celebrations for the founding of Quebec City. Edward VII would accept the invitation on behalf of his son, George, Prince of Wales (later George V). The prince of Wales arrived at Quebec City aboard the Royal Navy cruiser, . Unlike his earlier tour in 1901, his royal tour in 1908 was limited to the ceremony in Quebec City, as well as a military review of the Canadian militia on the Plains of Abraham. 1910s Several members of the royal family toured Canada during the 1910s. In 1913, Prince Albert (later George VI) conducted his first royal tour of the Canada, as well as Newfoundland, while serving aboard the Royal Navy cruiser . Prince Arthur as governor general From 1911 to 1916, Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn was Canada's governor general, with the duchess of Connaught and Strathearn serving as his viceregal consort. The duke was the first member of the royal family to take the office of Governor General of Canada. Originally his appointment was for only two years, although at the request of Robert Borden, the prime minister of Canada, his tenure was later extended to five years. The duke, duchess, and their daughter, Princess Patricia of Connaught, arrived in Quebec City on 13 October 1911 and the duke was later sworn into office at the Parliament of Quebec. Several weeks after being sworn in, he presided over the opening of the Parliament of Canada in Ottawa. , 1911. The duke and duchess conducted their first tour as Governor General and consort in 1911, visiting Toronto, Hamilton, Kingston, and finally Montreal on 27 November 1911. Further tours with the duke, and Princess Patricia, were undertaken in May 1912, to Winnipeg and the Maritimes. On 28 August 1912, the duke, the duchess, and their daughter conducted a tour of the west, visiting Sault Ste. Marie, Saskatoon, Prince Albert, Edmonton, Calgary, Banff, Vancouver, Prince Rupert, and Victoria, where they inspected personnel of the Royal Canadian Navy at Esquimalt Royal Navy Dockyard. They then visited Medicine Hat, Regina, and Brandon, before concluding their tour in Toronto and Ottawa. at Valcartier base in 1914. While serving as the governor general, the duke inaugurated the Saskatchewan Legislative Building, and laid the cornerstone for the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist in Regina, and for the new Provincial Library at the British Columbia Parliament Buildings. The duke returned to Banff on two occasions, in August 1914 and May 1916. In addition to Canada, he also visited Newfoundland, a separate dominion of the British Empire, in 1914. In January 1913, the duchess was hospitalized as a result of her declining health, and the viceregal family returned to London, UK, in March 1913. During this period, the duke continued to serve as governor general, and received regular correspondence from Borden by telegraph. After the duchess recovered, the family returned to Canada in October 1913. During World War I, the duke was involved in recruitment, and raising the morale of soldiers. Princess Patricia worked for the Canadian Red Cross, and continued working for a Canadian hospital in Orpington, UK, after her father's term as Governor General ended in 1916. Several months after Centre Block on Parliament Hill was ravaged by a fire, the duke laid the memorial cornerstone for its replacement on 1 September 1916. The duke's tenure as governor general ended on 16 October 1916. 1919 royal tour inspecting veterans in Halifax, 1919 After the end of World War I in November 1918, Edward, Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII) set out to develop his role as the prince of Wales through a tour of the Empire, with his first tour occurring in the dominions of Newfoundland and Canada in 1919. Organization for the tour was undertaken by Joseph Pope, the assistant clerk to the Privy Council for Canada. Unlike earlier tours, the 1919 royal tour dropped the rigid formalities of earlier tours, partly due to authorities' inability to control the crowds who came to see the prince. The informality of the tour was matched by the prince of Wales, whose informal dress, and mannerisms had struck the right note with Canadians. guides on the Nipigon River Arriving at St John's, Newfoundland aboard , on 5 August 1919, Edward proceeded to Saint John, Halifax, and Charlottetown, and, on 21 August 1919, Quebec City. In Ontario, he laid the foundation stone of the Peace Tower on Parliament Hill, met with the League of Canadian Indians at Sault Ste Marie, and took a three-day canoe trip down the Nipigon River to fish and hunt with two Ojibwa guides. On 26 August, he inaugurated Warriors' Day at the Canadian National Exhibition. He then travelled to Regina, where he renamed a library the Prince of Wales Library. He then proceeded towards Vancouver, toured the area, attended a civic reception and military ball, as well as opening the New Westminster Exhibition. Of the Canadian west, Edward wrote, "the free, vigorous, hopeful spirit of westerners not only inspires me, but makes me feel happy and at home." Prince George, along with the prince of Wales, conducted another royal tour of Canada in 1927. During the tour, the two princes opened Union Station and the Princes' Gates in Toronto. in Toronto during the 1939 royal tour. The 1939 royal tour was a cross-Canada royal tour by King George VI and Queen Elizabeth. Although there had been many invitations since 1858 for the reigning monarch to tour Canada, George was the first to do so. (In 1926, Queen Marie of Romania also visited the country.) The tour helped unify the nation by providing a shared identity and history. 1940s Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone, resided in Canada from June 1940 to April 1946 as the viceregal consort of Canada; accompanying her spouse, Alexander, Earl of Athlone, who was sworn in as the governor general of Canada on 21 June 1940. , with the Earl of Athlone and William Lyon Mackenzie King, March 1946 Another royal relative, Alastair, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn, resided in Canada from 1940 as the aide-de-camp to the governor general. On 23 April 1943, Alastair was found dead on the floor of his room at Rideau Hall. He had died from hypothermia. Newspapers at the time cited the cause of death as "natural causes." In 1941, Prince George, Duke of Kent visited several Royal Canadian Air Force bases in Canada. ==Late 20th century (1951–2000)==

Elizabeth II Elizabeth II conducted 20 official tours of Canada from 1951 to 2000. She first toured Canada in 1951, as Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh. In her subsequent tours of the country, she toured it as the queen of Canada. In addition to official tours, in the 20th century, the queen made nine stopovers in Canada, to refuel her aircraft. 1950s , along with the duke of Edinburgh, during their 1951 royal tour Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh, and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, made their first appearance in every Canadian province (including Newfoundland, the newest) in 1951, on behalf of her ailing father. and moved on to tour the University of New Brunswick, Christ Church Cathedral, and the Legislative Assembly Building. It was then on to Saint John, where the royal couple travelled in a motorcade watched by some 60,000 people, visited a veterans' hospital, and attended a civic dinner at the Admiral Beatty Hotel, where the silver flatware designed specifically for the 1939 visit of the king was used. After an overnight on the royal train, Princess Elizabeth and the duke of Edinburgh made whistle-stops in Moncton and Sackville before departing the province. The National Film Board of Canada produced the documentary Royal Journey, which chronicles the 1951 royal tour. In 1953, during a brief stop-over for refueling in Gander, Newfoundland, the Queen decided, after being roused from sleep at 3:20 am by their singing of "For She's a Jolly Good Fellow", to address the crowd gathered outside. the 23rd Canadian Parliament, 14 October 1957 Elizabeth returned to Canada in 1957, there giving her first ever live television address, appointing her husband to her Canadian Privy Council at a meeting which she chaired, and on 14 October, opening the first session of the 23rd parliament. About 50,000 people descended on Parliament Hill to witness the arrival of the monarch. Due to the financial austerity of the times, the pageantry was muted in comparison to what would be seen at a similar event in the United Kingdom. June Callwood said in her coverage of the tour for ''Maclean's'': "The Queen's role in Canada, it appeared to some observers, hinged on calculated pageantry, just enough to warm the pride of Canadians who revere tradition and stateliness above state but not so much as to antagonize those who consider royalty a blindingly off-colour bauble in an age of lean fear." During this tour, the Queen paid numerous visits to Canadian industries, and again made a visit to the United States as Canada's head of state, stopping in Chicago and Washington, D.C., with Diefenbaker as her attending minister. The prime minister insisted that the queen be accompanied at all times by a Canadian Cabinet minister, being determined to make it clear to Americans that the Queen was visiting the United States as the Canadian monarch, and that "it is the Canadian embassy and not the British Embassy officials who are in charge" of the queen's itinerary. Her speeches in Chicago, written by her Canadian ministers, stressed steadily the fact that she had come to call as Queen of Canada. In this vein, the Queen hosted the return dinner for Eisenhower at the Canadian Embassy in Washington. and Front Street, Toronto, during her 1959 tour. The Queen returned to New Brunswick, at the end of her pan-Canada tour. The sovereign presided over a Queen's Scout recognition ceremony in Fredericton, visited the veterans' hospital in Lancaster, and undertook a walkabout in Victoria Park, Moncton. At Pointe-du-Chêne, the royal couple visited briefly with the families of fishermen who had died the previous month in a storm off Escuminac, making a donation to the New Brunswick Fisherman's Disaster Fund that was established in honour of the deceased. Unknown to all involved, the Queen was pregnant with her third child. Prime Minister Diefenbaker urged her to cut the tour short after her disclosure to him at Kingston, Ontario, but the Queen swore him to secrecy and continued the journey, leaving the public announcement of the upcoming birth until she returned to London. Once the news was released, criticism of the tour that had simmered during its progress unleashed in full: Diefenbaker was blamed for pushing the Queen to carry on a grueling continent-wide trip, and the brevity of stops necessary to complete such a journey, combined with the formality and inaccessibility of events, led to calls for a cease to that format of royal tour. The Albertan stated: "The fact is that royalty has no roots in Canada. And if roots must be put down, they certainly should be of a different kind than those which are historically proper for Britain." Prior to the tour, the president of the Saint-Jean-Baptiste Society, with the support of the mayor of Quebec City, requested of the tour officials that, on the evening of Saint-Jean-Baptiste Day, Her Majesty light the main bonfire in celebration. Though the Queen did lay a wreath at the James Wolfe Monument on the Plains of Abraham, the Queen's Canadian Secretary at the time, Howard Graham, left the bonfire off the itinerary, leading to complaints. Successes were also noted, especially in the Crown's assistance in entrenching the newly emerging Canadian identity; the Queen ensured that the Red Ensign (then Canada's de facto national flag) was flown on the royal yacht, and she stood to attention for the duration of each playing of "O Canada", the country's then still unofficial national anthem, sometimes even joining in the singing. 1960 to 2000 in Montreal. Queen Elizabeth II also celebrated the centennial of the Confederation Conferences in Charlottetown on 6 October 1964. On 10 October, as she was touring the streets of Quebec City, a turbulent riot occurred and opposed anti-monarchist Quebec nationalists with the police. Since then, the event has been known as ("Truncheon Saturday"). In 1971, the Queen was in British Columbia to celebrate the centennial of the province's entry into Confederation. In Saskatchewan, she dedicated Queen Elizabeth Court, in front of Regina's city hall. and attended a provincial dinner with fireworks following. The Queen's second day in New Brunswick brought her to the Miramichi area, where she attended a provincial lunch, visited Chatham and Newcastle, and toured the Burchill Laminating Plant in Nelson-Miramichi. In 1977, the Queen visited Canada as part of her Silver Jubilee. Her visit was designed both to burnish the image of the monarchy and to support Canadian national unity in the wake of the 's victory in the Quebec general election the previous year. As part of her visit, she personally delivered the speech from the throne for the second time in her reign. In the speech, she announced the Canadian government's intention to distance itself from the UK and assume more control over its own affairs, a process which ultimately led to the patriation of the Constitution via the Constitution Act of 1982. The Queen also journeyed to New Brunswick to celebrate the province's bicentennial in 1984, touching down, along with Prince Philip, at Moncton airport on 24 September, from where the royal party travelled to Shediac, Sackville, Riverview, and Fredericton over the course of three days. While at the Legislative Building, the Queen issued a royal warrant augmenting the province's coat of arms with its present crest, supporters, compartment, motto. She also, when in Fredericton, unveiled a plaque in Wilmot Park that honoured Edward Wilmot and recounted the dedication of the park by the queen's great-grandfather. The Queen undertook a royal tour of Canada from 30 June to 3 July 1992 in order to preside over commemorations for the 125th anniversary of Canadian Confederation and her ruby jubilee. On 30 June, she unveiled an equestrian statue of herself at Parliament Hill in Ottawa. The statue is placed (though it is temporarily moved to Sussex Drive during the rehabilitation of the Centre Block) across from a statue of Queen Victoria, the first monarch of a federated Canada. On the same day, the Queen also unveiled two stained-glass windows at Rideau Hall, one to commemorate her ruby jubilee, the other to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the appointment of the first Canadian-born governor general. The following day, she presided over the swearing in of new members of the Queen's Privy Council of Canada, before presiding over official Canada Day celebrations on Parliament Hill. The Queen opened the University of Northern British Columbia in 1994. Philip, Duke of Edinburgh Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, consort to Queen Elizabeth II, participated in a number of official tours of Canada during his lifetime, with his first tour occurring in 1951, accompanying his spouse, Princess Elizabeth. He travelled to Canada on his own on 46 occasions, typically as a private working tour where he served as a patron for awards and events such as the Commonwealth Study Conference and the Duke of Edinburgh Awards. The duke also made several visits relating to his role with the Armed Forces. He was appointed the colonel-in-chief of the Royal Canadian Regiment on 8 December 1953 and presented the 3rd Battalion's first colours on Parliament Hill in 1973. Charles, Prince of Wales Charles, Prince of Wales (later Charles III) made 12 official tours of Canada from 1970 to 2000. , visiting Halifax in March 1983 The Prince and his first wife, the Princess of Wales, attended the bicentennial in 1983 of the arrival of the first Empire Loyalists in Nova Scotia, In 1986, the prince and princess of Wales toured British Columbia, visiting Vancouver to open Expo 86 (on 2 May 1986), as well as Victoria, Prince George, Kamloops and Nanaimo. After performing official duties in the city, including a formal dinner at the Royal York hotel, the royal family then went on to visit Sudbury, Kingston, Ottawa, and Niagara Falls, where the princes, as their great-great-great-grandfather had done, rode on Maid of the Mist. Other royal family members in 1954. Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother, queen consort to King George VI and mother of Elizabeth II, conducted nine official tours of Canada from 1951 to 2000. In addition to her nine official tours, she conducted one private working tour in 1965, touring Toronto to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Toronto Scottish Regiment, a regiment where she held the position of colonel-in-chief. In BC, the princess opened the new floating bridge in Kelowna, with two plaques marking the ceremony. He undertook his first official tour of Nova Scotia in 1985, during which, amongst other activities, he visited Halifax and skippered Bluenose II. Other members of the royal family that conducted either official, or private working tours of Canada in the second half of the 20th century include Princess Marina, Duchess of Kent, Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, Mary, Princess Royal, Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, Katharine, Duchess of Kent, Prince and Princess Michael of Kent, and the Earl and Countess of Wessex. ==21st century==

Elizabeth II , Toronto, during her 2010 royal tour. Elizabeth II conducted three official tours of Canada in the 21st century. In 2002, Elizabeth II toured the Canadian provinces of British Columbia, New Brunswick, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, and the territory of Nunavut, for her Golden Jubilee. In 2005, the Queen was in Alberta again to mark the province's 100th birthday, where she attended, along with an audience of 25,000, a kick-off concert at Commonwealth Stadium, re-designated the Provincial Museum of Alberta as the Royal Alberta Museum, and addressed the Legislative Assembly, becoming the first reigning monarch to do so. The Alberta Ministry of Learning encouraged teachers to focus education on the monarchy and to organize field trips for their students to see the Queen and her consort, or to watch the events on television. In Saskatchewan, the queen presided over the main events for the centennial of Saskatchewan's creation, as well as touring the Canadian Light Source Synchrotron and the University of Saskatchewan, where, in the Diefenbaker Canada Centre, is stored correspondence between former prime minister John Diefenbaker and the Queen. In 2010, Elizabeth II visited Ontario and Manitoba. Arriving in Ottawa 30 June, she toured the Canadian Museum of Nature and met with Prime Minister Stephen Harper. The following day, the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh joined the festivities for Canada Day on Parliament Hill. The royal tour ended as the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh departed for New York on 6 July, following visits to Toronto and Waterloo. Charles III during the 2025 royal tour of Canada. Since 2001, Charles, Prince of Wales (later King Charles III), conducted six official tours in Canada as the prince of Wales: in April 2001, November 2009, May 2012, May 2014, June–July 2017, and May 2022. He was accompanied by his spouse, Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall (later Queen Camilla) on the latter five tours. In 2017, the Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall were in Canada from 29 June to 1 July for Canada Day celebration and for the country's sesquicentennial celebrations. Charles and Camilla again visited Canada in May 2022, during the year of the Queen's Platinum Jubilee. A theme of their 3-day visit was reconciliation with the indigenous peoples in Canada, which Charles framed as a "vital process". In May 2025, King Charles III made his first official visit to Canada as monarch. Accompanied by Queen Camilla, he arrived in Ottawa on May 26 and presided over the Opening of the 45th Canadian Parliament on May 27. It was the first time since 1977 that a reigning monarch personally delivered the speech from the throne in Canada. William, Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cambridge at an inspection of the Governor General's Foot Guards during their 2011 royal tour of Canada. William, Prince of Wales (known as Duke of Cambridge 2011–2022) has conducted two official tours in Canada in the 21st century. The 2011 royal tour of Canada was the first time Prince William and Catherine visited Canada as the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge. The tour saw the newlywed couple tour Ottawa, Montreal, Quebec City, Charlottetown, Summerside, Yellowknife, Calgary, as well as the fire-ravaged community of Slave Lake. It was the first such tour undertaken by the duke and Duchess since their marriage two months prior. In 2016, the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, along with their children, Prince George of Cambridge and Princess Charlotte of Cambridge, conducted an official tour of British Columbia and Yukon, visiting Victoria, Vancouver, Bella Bella, Kelowna, Whitehorse, Carcross, and Haida Gwaii. Anne, Princess Royal Anne, Princess Royal has conducted seven private working tours, and one official working tour of Canada since 2001. She conducted private working tours in August–September 2003, June 2004, June 2007, February 2010, April 2010, October 2013, and February 2015; and one official tour in November 2014. The Princess Royal and her husband Vice-Admiral Tim Laurence arrived in Canada on 10 November 2014 in Ottawa for a two-day official tour, with focus on Remembrance Day ceremonies in Ottawa, such as the re-dedication of the National War Memorial. Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh , with members of the Monarchist League of Canada in Toronto, 2005. Since 2001, Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh (known as Earl of Wessex 1999–2023), has conducted 17 private working tours in Canada. His first visit to Canada in the 21st century occurred in October 2001, with his latest tour occurring in October–November 2015. Most of these visits were conducted for ceremonies relating to the Duke of Edinburgh Award. The Countess has accompanied her husband on a number of tours to Canada. Their tour of Canada in 2002 marked the Countess's first tour outside of the United Kingdom. In 2009, the Countess of Wessex opened the Air Force Museum of Alberta in Calgary, spending some hours visiting its displays. The Countess of Wessex has also conducted private working tours of her own, as was the case in November 2015. Other royal family members in 2013 In the 21st century, Prince Philip conducted three official tours alongside Queen Elizabeth, in October 2002, May 2005, and June 2010. In addition to official tours, he conducted three private working tours, in October 2001, April 2004, and April 2013. In 2003, he came twice, at one point going into the field in Canadian combat uniform to observe tactical exercises and to address the troopers of the Queen's York Rangers, of which he was colonel-in-chief. Princess Alexandra, the Honourable Lady Ogilvy, has conducted two private working tours of Canada, in April 2010, and October 2012. In 2010, she visited Toronto and Victoria to attend the 150th anniversary ceremonies for the establishment of the Queen's Own Rifles of Canada, of which she was the colonel-in-chief from 1960 to 2010. Prior to their first public appearance, reports had surfaced in 2016 that Harry visited Meghan at her home in Toronto; she resided in the city from 2011 to 2017 to film the television series Suits. ==See also==