Imperial Geographical Society The society was founded in
Saint Petersburg, Russia, on 6 (18) August 1845. Prior to the
Russian Revolution of 1917, it was known as the
Imperial Russian Geographical Society. The order to establish the society came directly from Emperor
Nicholas I. The motive for the establishment was to encourage geographical research on domestic topics, The filial societies were established at the Caucasus (1850), Irkutsk (1851), Vilnius (1867), Orenburg (1868), Kiev (1873), Omsk (1877), and other cities. The Society organized and funded the expeditions of
Richard Maack,
Pyotr Kropotkin, Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky,
Nikolai Przhevalsky,
Nikolai Miklukho-Maklai,
Pyotr Kozlov,
Vladimir Obruchev, and
Lev Berg. It helped set up the first
polar stations in
Russia and was one of the first to publish detailed studies of the
Russian folklore and Ukrainian fairs. The Society pioneered the systematic exploration of the Northern
Urals in 18471850, of the farthest reaches of the
Amur River in 18541863, of the vast areas of
Kashgaria,
Dzungaria, and
Mongolia from the 1870s onward. By 1917 the RGO was composed of eleven subdivisions and 1,000 members.
Members and presidents The founding members of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society included: • •
Friedrich (Fyodor) von Berg •
Karl Ernst von Baer •
Ferdinand von Wrangel • •
Vladimir Dal •
Gregor von Helmersen •
Peter von Köppen •
Adam Johann (Ivan) von Krusenstern • •
Fyodor Litke •
Mikhail Muravyov-Vilensky •
Vladimir Odoyevsky •
Vasily Alekseevich Perovsky •
Pyotr Ivanovich Ricord • •
Friedrich Georg Wilhelm (Vasily) von Struve The Society's official presidents were
Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich of Russia in 18451892 and
Grand Duke Nicholas Mikhailovich of Russia in 18921917, but it was actually run by the Vice-Presidents: Fyodor Litke (18451850, 18551857),
Count Mikhail Muravyov (18501857),
Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky (18731914), and
Yuly Shokalsky (19141931).
Constantine Medal The Constantine Medal was a gold medal worth 200 silver roubles and was the highest award of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society. It was established and named after the Society’s first chairman, Great Duke Constantine and was awarded from 1849 to 1929 to explorers who had made a significant geographical discovery or to authors of outstanding publications in geography, ethnography or Russian statistics. From 1924 to 1929 the Medal was referred to as “The highest award of the Russian Geographical Society”. Recipients of the medal included: • 1849
Ernst Reinhold von Hofmann, for his excellent work during the first expedition of the Russian Geographical Society to the Northern Urals (first award) • 1858
Ivan Aksakov, for his research into trade fairs in Ukraine • 1859
Ludwig Schwarz • 1863
Vladimir Dahl, for the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language • 1864 Ivashintsov Nikolay Alekseevich, for his long-term efforts to research the
Caspian Sea • 1874
Nikolay Przhevalsky, for his pre-eminent scientific research, geographical discoveries and travels to Mongolia and the Tangut land • 1878
Adolf Erik Nordensheld, for his voyage and research in the Arctic Ocean along the northern coast of Western and Eastern Siberia • 1880
Ivan Mushketov, geologist and engineer, explorer of Central Asia • 1898
Dr Gustav Radde • 1900
Vladimir Obruchev, for his publications on Asian geology • 1902
Pyotr Kozlov, for the 18991901 expedition to Tibet • 1905
Alexander Kolchak, for participation in Baron E. Toll’s expedition, and for the journey to Bennett Island in particular • 1905
Friedrich Schmidt • 1907
Grigory Grum-Grshimailo, for all his works in Asian geography and for his
Description of a Journey in Western China Volume III • 1907
Fridtjof Nansen, for his remarkable feats, which constitute a whole era in the Arctic Ocean exploration • 1914
Boris Vilkitsky, for hydrographic expeditions in the Arctic Sea.
All-Union Geographical Society The Society changed its name to the State Geographical Society in 1926 and to the Geographical Society of the USSR in 1938. After Shokalsky its presidents were
geneticist Nikolai Vavilov (19311940),
zoologist Lev Berg (19401950),
parasitologist Evgeny Pavlovsky (19521964),
glaciologist Stanislav Kalesnik (19641977), and
polar explorer Aleksei Treshnikov (1977–1991). The Society has convened numerous congresses and has awarded four types of medals, the tri-annual Grand Gold Medal, three bi-annual medals named after Litke, Semyonov, and Przhevalsky, and also the bi-annual
Semen Dezhnev prize. By 1970, it had published more than 2,000 volumes of geographical literature, including the annual
Zapiski (since 1846) and
Izvestiya (since 1865).
Post-Soviet era The society reverted to its original name upon the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. The main offices of the Society are in St. Petersburg. Since 2002 the society has sponsored an annual seasonal ice base in the Arctic,
Camp Barneo. In 2009, the
Minister of Defence of Russia Sergei Shoigu was elected the President of the Society. , he is still in office. In 2010, the Board of Trustees of the Society was established. The
president of Russia Vladimir Putin was appointed chairman of the Board. Other board members included Russian oligarchs, politicians and
Albert II, Prince of Monaco. The appointments of Shoigu and Putin resulted in the Society getting more subsidies from the Russian state. The
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine led to
BP CEO
Bernard Looney's resignation as a trustee of the Society, and membership of Russia within the
International Geographical Union (IGU) was suspended as of 7 March 2022, pending a formal decision on its membership at the next IGU General Assembly in July 2022. Nevertheless, while suspending Russia’s formal membership, the IGU maintains an open door for continued engagement with colleagues in Russia. ==Divisions==