R1b* (R-M343*) No confirmed cases of R1b* (R-M343*) – that is R1b (xR1b1, R1b2), also known as R-M343 (xL754, PH155) – have been reported in
peer-reviewed literature. ;R-M343 (xM73, M269, V88) In early research, because R-M269, R-M73 and R-V88 are by far the most common forms of R1b, examples of R1b (xM73, xM269) were sometimes assumed to signify basal examples of "R1b*". It remains a possibility that some, or even most of these cases, may be R-L278* (R1b*), R-L389* (R1b1a*), R-P297* (R1b1a1*), R-V1636 (R1b1a2), R-PH155 (R1b2), R1b* (R-M343*), R1a* (R-M420*), an otherwise undocumented branch of R1 (R-M173), and/or back-mutations of a marker, from a positive to a negative ancestral state, and hence constitute undocumented subclades of R1b. A compilation of previous studies regarding the distribution of R1b can be found in Cruciani et al. (2010). are now thought to be mostly in the more recently discovered sub-clade R1b1b (R-V88). Most examples of R1b therefore fall into subclades R1b1b (R-V88) or R1b1a (R-P297). Cruciani et al. in the large 2010 study found 3 cases amongst 1173 Italians, 1 out of 328 West Asians and 1 out of 156 East Asians. Varzari found 3 cases in
Ukraine, in a study of 322 people from the
Dniester–
Carpathian Mountains region, who were P25 positive, but M269 negative. Cases from older studies are mainly from Africa, the Middle East or Mediterranean, and are discussed below as probable cases of R1b1b (R-V88).
R1b1 (R-L754) R-L754 contains the vast majority of R1b. The only known example of R-L754* (xL389, V88) is also the earliest known individual to carry R1b: "
Villabruna 1", who lived circa 14,000 years BP (north east Italy). Villabruna 1 belonged to the
Epigravettian culture.
R1b1a (R-L389) R-L389, also known as R1b1a (L388/PF6468, L389/PF6531), contains the very common subclade R-P297 and the rare subclade R-V1636. It is unknown whether all previously reported R-L389* (xP297) belong to R-V1636 or not.
R1b1a1 (R-P297) The SNP marker P297 was recognised in 2008 as ancestral to the significant subclades M73 and M269, combining them into one cluster. Malyarchuk
et al. (2011) found R-M73 in 13.2% (5/38) of Shors, 11.4% (5/44) of Teleuts, 3.3% (2/60) of Kalmyks, 3.1% (2/64) of Khakassians, 1.9% (2/108) of Tuvinians, and 1.1% (1/89) of Altaians. The Kalmyks, Tuvinians, and Altaian belong to a Y-STR cluster marked by DYS390=19, DYS389=14-16 (or 14–15 in the case of the Altaian individual), and DYS385=13-13. Dulik
et al. (2012) found R-M73 in 35.3% (6/17) of a sample of the
Kumandin of the Altai Republic in Russia. Three of these six Kumandins share an identical 15-loci Y-STR haplotype, and another two differ only at the DYS458 locus, having DYS458=18 instead of DYS458=17. This pair of Kumandin R-M73 haplotypes resembles the haplotypes of two Kalmyks, two Tuvinians, and one Altaian whose Y-DNA has been analyzed by Malyarchuk
et al. (2011). The remaining R-M73 Kumandin has a Y-STR haplotype that is starkly different from the haplotypes of the other R-M73 Kumandins, resembling instead the haplotypes of five Shors, five Teleuts, and two Khakassians. However, the assignment of these Hazaras' Y-DNA to the "PQR2" category by Behar
et al. (2010) is probably ascribable to the habit that was popular for a while of labeling R-M269 as "R1b" or "R(xR1a)," with any members of R-M343 (xM269) being placed in a polyphyletic, catch-all "R*" or "P" category. Myres
et al. (2011), Di Cristofaro
et al. (2013), and Lippold
et al. (2014) all agree that the Y-DNA of 32% (8/25) of the HGDP sample of Pakistani Hazara should belong to haplogroup R-M478/M73. Likewise, most Bashkir males have been found to belong to U-152 (R1b1a1a2a1a2b) and some, mostly from southeastern Bashkortostan, belonged to
Haplogroup Q-M25 (Q1a1b) rather than R1b; contra this, Myres
et al. (2011) found a high frequency of R-M73 among their sample of Bashkirs from southeast Bashkortostan (77/329 = 23.4% R1b-M73), in agreement with the earlier study of Bashkirs. Four of these individuals (one of the Teleuts, one of the Uyghurs, the Kazakh, and the Iranian) appear to belong to the aforementioned cluster marked by DYS390=19 (the Kumandin-Mongol R-M73 cluster); the Teleut and the Uyghur also share the modal values at the DYS385 and the DYS389 loci. The Iranian differs from the modal for this cluster by having 13-16 (or 13–29) at DYS389 instead of 14-16 (or 14–30). The Kazakh differs from the modal by having 13–14 at DYS385 instead of 13-13. The other fourteen Teleuts and the three Selkups appear to belong to the Teleut-Shor-Khakassian R-M73 cluster from the data set of Malyarchuk
et al. (2011); this cluster has the modal values of DYS390=22 (but 21 in the case of two Teleuts and one Khakassian), DYS385=13-16, and DYS389=13-17 (or 13–30, but 14–31 in the case of one Selkup). A Kazakhstani paper published in 2017 found haplogroup R1b-M478 Y-DNA in 3.17% (41/1294) of a sample of
Kazakhs from Kazakhstan, with this haplogroup being observed with greater than average frequency among members of the Qypshaq (12/29 = 41.4%), Ysty (6/57 = 10.5%), Qongyrat (8/95 = 8.4%), Oshaqty (2/29 = 6.9%), Kerey (1/28 = 3.6%), and Jetyru (3/86 = 3.5%)
tribes. A Chinese paper published in 2018 found haplogroup R1b-M478 Y-DNA in 9.2% (7/76) of a sample of
Dolan Uyghurs from Horiqol township,
Awat County, Xinjiang.
R1b1a1b (R-M269) R-M269, or R1b1a1b (as of 2018) amongst other names, is now the most common Y-DNA lineage in European males. It is carried by an estimated 110 million males in Europe. and
Iron Age. Likewise, the oldest samples classified as belonging to R-M269, have been found in Eastern Europe and Pontic-Caspian steppe, not Western Asia. Western European populations are divided between the R-P312/S116 and R-U106/S21 subclades of R-M412 (R-L51). Distribution of R-M269 in Europe increases in frequency from east to west. It peaks at the national level in
Wales at a rate of 92%, at 82% in
Ireland, 70% in
Scotland, 68% in
Spain, 60% in
France (76% in
Normandy), about 60% in
Portugal, 45% in Eastern
England and 42% in
Iceland. R-M269 reaches levels as high as 95% in parts of Ireland. It has also been found at lower frequencies throughout central
Eurasia, This marker is present in China and India at frequencies of less than one percent. In
North Africa and adjoining islands, while R-V88 (R1b1b) is more strongly represented, R-M269 appears to have been present since antiquity. R-M269 has been found, for instance, at a rate of ~44% among remains dating from the 11th to 13th centuries at
Punta Azul, in the
Canary Islands. These remains have been linked to the
Bimbache (or Bimape), a subgroup of the Guanche. In living males, it peaks in parts of North Africa, especially
Algeria, at a rate of 10%. In Sub-Saharan Africa, R-M269 appears to peak in
Namibia, at a rate of 8% among
Herero males. (The table below lists in more detail the frequencies of M269 in regions in Asia, Europe, and Africa.) Apart from
basal R-M269* which has not diverged, there are (as of 2017) two primary branches of R-M269: • R-L23 (R1b1a1b1; L23/PF6534/S141) and • R-PF7558 (R1b1a1b2; PF7558/PF7562.) R-L23 (Z2105/Z2103; a.k.a. R1b1a1b1) has been reported among the peoples of the
Idel-Ural (by Trofimova et al. 2015): 21 out of 58 (36.2%) of
Burzyansky District Bashkirs, 11 out of 52 (21.2%) of
Udmurts, 4 out of 50 (8%) of
Komi, 4 out of 59 (6.8%) of
Mordvins, 2 out of 53 (3.8%) of
Besermyan and 1 out of 43 (2.3%) of
Chuvash were R1b-L23. Subclades within the paragroup R-M269(xL23) – that is, R-M269* and/or R-PF7558 – appear to be found at their highest frequency in the central
Balkans, especially
Kosovo with 7.9%,
North Macedonia 5.1% and
Serbia 4.4%. In 2009, DNA extracted from the femur bones of 6 skeletons in an early-medieval burial place in
Ergolding (Bavaria, Germany) dated to around AD 670 yielded the following results: 4 were found to be haplogroup R1b with the closest matches in modern populations of Germany, Ireland and the USA while 2 were in
Haplogroup G2a. The following gives a summary of most of the studies which specifically tested for M269, showing its distribution (as a percentage of total population) in Europe,
North Africa, the
Middle East and
Central Asia as far as China and
Nepal. The phylogeny of R-M269 according to ISOGG 2017:
R1b1a2 (R-V88) R1b1a2 is defined by the presence of SNP marker V88, the discovery of which was announced in 2010 by Cruciani et al. Marcus et al. (2020) provide strong evidence for this proposed model of North to South trans-Saharan movement: The earliest basal R1b-V88 haplogroups are found in several Eastern European Hunter Gatherers close to 11,000 years ago. The haplogroup then seemingly spread with the expansion of
Neolithic farmers, who established agriculture in the Western Mediterranean by around 7500 BP. R1b-V88 haplogroups were identified in ancient Neolithic individuals in Germany, central Italy, Iberia, and, at a particularly high frequency, in Sardinia. A part of the branch leading to present-day African haplogroups (V2197) was already derived in Neolithic European individuals from Spain and Sardinia, providing further support for a North to South trans-Saharan movement. European autosomal ancestry, mtDNA haplogroups, and
lactase persistence alleles have also been identified in African populations that carry R1b-V88 at a high frequency, such as the
Fulani and
Toubou. The presence of European Neolithic farmers in Africa is further attested by samples from Morocco dating from c. 5400 BC onwards. Studies in 2005–08 reported "R1b*" at high levels in
Jordan,
Egypt and
Sudan. Subsequent research by Myres et al. (2011) indicates that the samples concerned most likely belong to the subclade R-V88. According to Myres et al. (2011), this may be explained by a back-migration from Asia into Africa by R1b-carrying people. Two branches of R-V88, R-M18 and R-V35, are found almost exclusively on the island of
Sardinia. As can be seen in the above data table, R-V88 is found in northern
Cameroon in west central Africa at a very high frequency, where it is considered to be caused by a pre-Islamic movement of people from
Eurasia.
R1b1b1 (R-M18) R1b1b1 is a sub-clade of R-V88, which is defined by the presence of SNP marker M18. It has been found only at low frequencies in samples from
Sardinia and
Lebanon.
R1b2 (R-PH155) R1b2 is extremely rare and defined by the presence of PH155. and in a sample of people from
Ladakh, India. == Notable people==