In the
Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989),
Muslim-majority
Afghanistan was invaded by the mostly non-Muslim
Soviet Union. Osama bin Laden, a Saudi
Islamist connected to the royal
House of Saud, left his country to organize the
Afghan mujahideen, Muslims who fought the Soviets were
jihadists; those who engage in
jihad, struggle in the name of Islam, are called
mujahideen. For that purpose, bin Laden and
Abdullah Yusuf Azzam founded
Maktab al-Khidamat (MaK). In 1989, the Soviets
withdrew from Afghanistan. Azzam was then assassinated, leaving Bin Laden with full control of MaK, which evolved into
al-Qaeda. In the terrorist attacks of
September 11, 2001,
nineteen members of al-Qaeda hijacked four American
commercial flights in an attempt to crash them into important landmarks in the United States.
American Airlines Flight 11 and
United Airlines Flight 175 were crashed into the
Twin Towers—
1 and
2 World Trade Center (WTC)—in
New York City.
Both towers soon collapsed as a result of the damage.
American Airlines Flight 77 crashed into
the Pentagon near
Washington D.C. From 2001 to 2011, the U.S. engaged in a widespread
manhunt for bin Laden, who had left Afghanistan for Pakistan, where he eventually built
a safe house. He had narrowly escaped death from a U.S. assault in December 2001, during the
Battle of Tora Bora in Afghanistan.
Responsibility for 9/11 On 9/11, U.S. and German intelligence intercepted communications that pointed to bin Laden's culpability in the attacks. Bush wrote in his diary before going to bed that day: "The
Pearl Harbor of the 21st century took place today... We think it's Osama bin Laden." In November 2001, during the
U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, American troops found a videotape in which bin Laden is seen discussing what is likely 9/11 with
Khaled al-Harbi. Bin Laden tells him, among other things, that it was "calculated in advance [what] the number of casualties from the enemy [would be] based on the position of the towers". The video was released on December 13.—broadcast a video statement from bin Laden, in which he again seems to imply responsibility for 9/11: "Our terrorism against the United States is worthy of praise to ..." He also mentions a recent "blessed attack" on the U.S. Many more vague and cryptic recordings of bin Laden were released afterwards. ==Video==