Early years The Short Brothers business started in 1897 when Eustace Short (1875–1932) bought a second-hand
coal gas filled
balloon, and, with his brother
Oswald, started a company to develop and manufacture balloons. In 1900, the two brothers visited the
1900 Paris Exposition ('World's Fair'), where they saw the balloons of
Édouard Surcouf (of
Société Astra), who had developed a method of constructing truly spherical balloons. In 1902, the brothers started offering balloons for sale. They manufactured the balloons at
Hove, Sussex, in premises above the acoustic laboratory run by a third brother, Horace (2 July 1872 – 6 April 1917). In 1903, when Horace left to work on steam turbine development with
Charles Parsons, Eustace and Oswald moved their workshop to rented accommodation in London, then again to railway arches in
Battersea, conveniently situated next to Battersea gas-works. In 1905, they won a contract for three balloons for the
British Indian Army. The quality of their work impressed Colonel
James Templer, superintendent of the
Royal Balloon Factory, who introduced the brothers to
Charles Rolls. Rolls commissioned them to build him a large balloon to compete in the 1906
Gordon Bennett Cup balloon race. More orders soon followed from other members of the
Aero Club of Great Britain (later Royal Aero Club). In 1908, on hearing reports from Aero Club members who had seen the
Wright brothers' demonstrations of their aircraft at
Le Mans in France, Oswald Short reportedly said to Eustace, "This is the finish of ballooning: we must begin building aeroplanes at once, and we can't do that without Horace!" Oswald succeeded in persuading Horace to leave his job with Parsons, and in November 1908 they registered their partnership under the name Short Brothers. Two orders for aircraft were soon received, one from Charles Rolls, who ordered a
glider, and the other from
Francis McClean, a member of the Aero Club who later bought several more aircraft from Short Brothers, and also acted as an unpaid test-pilot. At the end of 1908 Horace started work on the two designs, and in early 1909 construction was started of McClean's aircraft, the
Short No.1 biplane. In March 1909 it was exhibited, without its fabric covering, at the first British Aero Show held at
Olympia. The brothers had obtained the British rights to build copies of the
Wright design. making the first take-off from a moving ship, May 1912 In February 1909, Shorts started construction of a new workshop on unobstructed marshland at Leysdown, near
Shellbeach on the
Isle of Sheppey. This had been acquired by the Aero Club for use as a flying ground, together with Mussell Manor (now known as "Muswell Manor"), which became its clubhouse. Construction of an initial batch of six aircraft was started immediately. Short Brothers thus became the first aircraft manufacturing company in the world to undertake volume production of an aircraft design. Here the
Dunne D.5, the first
tailless aircraft, was also built under contract. In 1910 the Royal Aero Club and Short Brothers moved to a larger and less marshy ground at
Eastchurch, about away. At this time the Royal Aero Club had offered the Admiralty the use of the flying field and Frank McClean had agreed to act as an instructor, so beginning a close association between Short Brothers and the Naval Air Service, whose first pilots were trained using
Short S.27 pusher biplanes. In 1911, Shorts built one of the world's first successful twin-engine aircraft, the
Triple Twin. Construction started on a long series of naval aircraft floatplanes, starting with the Short S.26. In 1913, Gordon Bell became Shorts' first professional test pilot: he was succeeded by Ronald Kemp in 1914. Kemp could not handle the volume of flight testing and development alone and, by 1916, other pilots were employed on a freelance basis. One of these was
John Lankester Parker. In 1918 Parker succeeded Kemp as Shorts' Chief
Test Pilot, a post he was to occupy for the next 27 years. In 2013 a statue of the brothers was unveiled in memory of their contribution to early aviation, by local artist Barbara Street to stand on the site of the Aero Club clubhouse at Muswell manor.
First World War By the outbreak of
World War I Shorts were already building a variety of aircraft. Production really started to expand during the war, for example for the
Short Admiralty Type 184 (or simply "Short S.184"). On 15 August 1915, during the
Battle of Gallipoli, a Short S.184 was the first aircraft to attack a ship with a live torpedo. Flying from , piloted by Flight Commander
Charles Edmonds, it hit a
Turkish supply ship in the
Dardanelles. In terms of number built, the S.184 was Shorts' most successful pre-
Second World War aircraft: over 900 were produced, many under licence by other manufacturers. A landplane version of the S.184 was also sold to the
Royal Flying Corps as the
Short Bomber. During the First World War, Shorts were among the manufacturers of two flying boats, the
F.3 and
F.5, designed by
John Porte at the
Seaplane Experimental Station, Felixstowe. When the war ended, some 50 of these were being built at Rochester.
Expansion at Rochester Due to the company's success, and the increasing number of seaplanes being produced, larger premises with ready access to the sea were needed. At that time, seaplanes were taken by road to Queenborough, then loaded onto
lighters to be taken to the
RNAS seaplane station on
Isle of Grain to be launched and tested. In 1913, an 8.4 acre (3.4 hectare) plot of land by the
river Medway about 20 miles (32 km) away at
Borstal, By early 1915, the first facility of what was to become known as the Seaplane Works was completed: No.1 Erecting Shop. As this and the No.2 and No.3 shops became available, the workforce moved from the Eastchurch factory. No.3 shop was completed in 1917. A long concrete
slipway was constructed from the centre-line of No.3 Erecting Shop to enable aircraft of up to 20 tons weight to be launched even at low tide. In 1919, the name of the company was changed to Short Brothers (Rochester and Bedford) Ltd., but nationalisation the same year ended the Short brothers' involvement with the company, which became the
Royal Airship Works.
1920s and 1930s , operated by the RAF and Commonwealth during the Second World War During the immediate post-war years the economic climate was difficult for the aircraft industry in the United Kingdom. Shorts survived without reducing the company's workforce by diversifying into areas such as building lightweight bus and tram bodies. During the 1920s and 1930s,
flying boats were favoured for long-range civil aviation, because their operation did not rely on the existence of suitable airfields, which were not widespread at the time. Shorts took to the flying boat market, and in 1924 constructed a testing tank for testing hull and float designs. Shorts designed the floats used for the
Supermarine S.4 and
Gloster III seaplanes entered by the United Kingdom for the 1925
Schneider Trophy race.
Alan Cobham's
de Havilland DH.50 (G-EBFO) was also fitted with Shorts floats at Rochester. On 30 June 1926, Cobham then started a flight to Australia from the Medway. Two
de Havilland Giant Moths were fitted with Shorts floats at Rochester, and the first was flown in June 1928; both were delivered to Western Canada Airlines Ltd. In 1924, Shorts produced the first of a series of three designs known as the Singapore. In 1927, the
Singapore I was used by Sir Alan Cobham, when he, his wife, and crew made a survey of Africa which covered about 23,000 miles. Shorts then started design work on the
Short Calcutta, based on the Singapore layout but larger and more powerful, which began service with
Imperial Airways in August 1928. By April 1929 two more had been added to the fleet, and they operated passenger-preferred coastal routes from
Genoa to
Alexandria by way of
Athens,
Corfu,
Naples, and
Rome. Several Calcuttas were used on shorter routes, and were instrumental in permitting long-range airline services between outposts of the
British Empire. Shorts followed the production of four Calcuttas with the larger
Kent, following with a series of still larger aircraft designs such as the
Short Empire, the first of which was launched on 2 July 1936. The Empire was commissioned off the drawing board by Imperial Airways (later
BOAC), to operate the UK's Empire Airmail scheme. A year later Shorts won a British government defence contract for the
Sunderland military patrol flying boat. Sharing a similar design, but incorporating some aerodynamic and hydrodynamic advances, and a more rounded top of the fuselage that incorporated several gunner's positions. Dreaded by
U-boats, it was claimed by the British propaganda people that the Germans called it "The Flying Porcupine" (
Fliegendes Stachelschwein in German), although no evidence supports their contention. In 1933, Shorts opened a new factory at
Rochester Airport, which was becoming increasingly important for the landplanes the company was producing. The Eastchurch premises was closed in 1934, and in the same year Shorts purchased the engine manufacturer
Pobjoy, which had moved to Rochester Airport to be near Shorts and had collaborated on its latest designs. On 5 July 1937, a Short Empire was used by
Imperial Airways for the first westbound transatlantic service from
Foynes,
Ireland to
Newfoundland.
First moves to Belfast In 1936, the
Air Ministry established a new aircraft factory at
Belfast, and created a new company Short & Harland Ltd, owned 50% each by
Harland and Wolff and Shorts. The first products of the new factory were 50
Bristol Bombays followed by 150
Handley-Page Hereford bombers. Shorts work on seaplanes eventually culminated in the
Short Sandringham and
Short Seaford, both based on the Empire/Sunderland boats. These flying boats had enough range to operate as a transatlantic
airliner, but largely served the post-war Empire (
Commonwealth) market, in competition with 4-engined land planes such as modified
Avro Lancasters,
Avro Lancastrian and
Avro York.
Tasman Empire Airways Limited (TEAL) operated the
Coral Route from
New Zealand to
Fiji, the
Cook Islands and
Tahiti in the South Pacific, with
Short Solent flying boats up to 1960.
Second World War During the
Battle of Britain, the Rochester factory was heavily bombed by the
Luftwaffe, and several Stirlings and other aircraft were destroyed, and during Easter week of 1941, Belfast and the aircraft factory were subjected to the
worst single air-raid the UK had seen outside London. To prevent raids from limiting production, satellite factories near Belfast were operated at Aldergrove and Maghaberry, producing 232 Stirlings between them. A temporary Short's factory was established at White Cross Bay,
Windermere, that produced 35
Sunderland Mark IIIs.
Austin Motors at Longbridge, Birmingham also produced over 600
Stirlings, and
Blackburn Aircraft produced 240 Sunderlands at its
shadow factory in Dumbarton, Scotland. During the
Second World War, the Short Sunderland was an effective anti-submarine
patrol bomber operated by
RAF Coastal Command in the
Battle of the Atlantic, the
Mediterranean, in Asia and the south Pacific because of its availability, endurance and weapon load. It also carried out air-sea rescue operations. In the absence of sufficient Sunderlands, Australia impressed Qantas-Imperial Short Empire flying boats into military service, and used these successfully especially on reconnaissance missions in the
Timor Sea area. A much enlarged transatlantic development of the Empire, the
S.26 G-Class was developed, but only three completed before the war resulted in further production being cancelled. Short's work on the Sunderland also won it the contract for the
Short Stirling four-engine bomber-transport for the RAF. This was essentially a land-based Sunderland, however its use of a now outdated thick-section, low
aspect ratio wing to facilitate it going into service quickly limited climb and ceiling, and design decisions, such as the use of cells for individual bombs limited its long term usefulness as a heavy bomber when it proved incapable of carrying the newer larger bombs that didn't fit in the cells. As it was intended as a stopgap pending the delivery of the
Handley Page Halifax and
Avro Manchester bombers, it followed the RAF tradition of also being a transport aircraft, with a cabin useful for troops and cargo, in which role it was used once the Halifax and
Avro Lancaster were available in large enough numbers. Attempts by Shorts to sell improved versions to the RAF were ignored, not least over concerns regarding Oswald's leadership and alcoholism. In 1944, the
Short Shetland, a high-speed, long-range, four-engined flying-boat, was built (with
Saunders-Roe providing the wings and detail design work), but the project was abandoned shortly after the end of the war, however conversions and developments of the Sunderland entered service as transports, starting during the war with the
Hythe, which was a demilitarised Sunderland with the turrets faired over, then the post-war
Sandringham, which refined the shape to eliminate the turret mountings, and finally by the definitive
Solent, with an enlarged tail and more powerful engines and other refinements derived from the stillborn wartime
Seaford, which was to have been the penultimate Sunderland development. In 1943, the Government nationalised Short's under Defence Regulation 78. Oswald Short, who had resigned as Chairman in January of that year, remained as Honorary Life President.
Postwar test bed (lower port engine) at
Farnborough SBAC Airshow, September 1955 , the company's most successful modern aircraft after the
Shorts 360. ,
Short Skyvan and
Short 330 at the 1982
Farnborough Airshow. By 1947, all of Shorts other wartime factories had been closed, and operations concentrated in Belfast. In 1948, the company offices followed, and Shorts became a Belfast company in its entirety. In the meantime, in 1947, Short Brothers (Rochester and Bedford) Ltd. had merged with Short and Harland Limited to become Short Brothers and Harland Limited, with Oswald Short remaining as Life President. In the 1950s, Shorts was involved in much pioneering research, including designing and building the VTOL
Short SC1, the
Short SB5 and the
Short SB.4 Sherpa. Shorts built the
Short Sperrin, a backup jet engine bomber design in case the
V bomber projects failed, and the
Short Seamew, a cheap-to-produce anti-submarine reconnaissance and attack aircraft intended for the
Royal Navy Volunteer Reserve squadrons, but the Sperrin was not needed and the RNVR squadrons disbanded. In the 1950s, Shorts also received sub-contracts to build 150
English Electric Canberras, and on 30 October 1952, the first of those made its maiden flight. Of these types, Shorts delivered 60 Canberra B.2s, 49 Canberra B.6s and 23 Canberra P.R.9s, the remaining 18 being cancelled by the Government in 1957. Further work was involved in the conversion of time-expired Canberra B.2s into unmanned radio-controlled missile target aircraft. Two prototypes and 10 production Canberra U.10s were produced, followed by six improved Canberra U.14s. These aircraft were controlled from the ground by
VHF radio, and were equipped to provide feedback on their own performance, as well as that of the missiles aimed at them. As early as 1953, Shorts became involved with pioneering the development of electronic
analogue computers, to assist with the design of increasingly complex aircraft. In 1954, the
Bristol Aeroplane Company became a 15.25% shareholder in Shorts, and the company used the injection of funds to set up a production line for the
Bristol Britannia turbo-prop airliner, known in the press as
The Whispering Giant. Although it was originally intended that 35 Britannias should be built by Shorts, a shortage of work at Bristol led to this number being reduced. Eventually, 15 Britannias were completed by Shorts; five sets of Britannia components were sent to Filton and used on the continued production there of Britannias. In the 1960s, Shorts found a niche for a new short-haul
freighter aircraft and responded with the
Short SC.7 Skyvan. The Skyvan is most remembered for its box-like, slab-sided appearance and rectangular twin tail units, but the aircraft was well loved for its performance and loading. It served almost the same performance niche as the
de Havilland Twin Otter, and the Skyvan proved more popular in the freighter market due to the large rear cargo door that allowed it to handle bulky loads with ease. Skyvans can still be found around the world today. The heavy lift freighter
Short SC.5 Belfast flew for the first time in 1964. Only 10 were built for the
Royal Air Force. In the 1970s, Shorts entered the
feederliner market with the
Shorts 330, a stretched modification of the Skyvan, called the C-23 Sherpa in USAF service, and another stretch resulted in the more streamlined
Shorts 360, in which a more conventional central fin superseded the older H-profiled twin fins. In 1988, the proposed development was announced of a
regional jet seating 44 passengers and to be called the FJX. The aircraft would have been a competitor to the
Bombardier CRJ100 that was also in development at the time, but the FJX was cancelled after Short Brothers' sale to Bombardier.
Loyalist paramilitaries In 1987
loyalists working at Shorts erected loyalist flags and bunting to intimidate the Catholic workers. The loyalist workers went on strike after management removed the loyalist flags from the shop floor. In April 1989, three Northern Irish men,
Noel Little, Samuel Quinn and James King, were arrested in Paris and later convicted of "arms trafficking and associating with criminals involved in terrorist activities." They were accused of having stolen missile parts and documents related to Shorts' products. Also arrested were arms dealer Douglas Bernhardt and a South African diplomat.
Belfast City Airport In 1937, Shorts established an airfield in central Belfast, beside the factory. This became Sydenham Airport and, from 1938 to 1939, was Belfast's main civilian airport. During the Second World War, the airfield was requisitioned by the Royal Navy. Shorts continued to use the airfield until production of complete aircraft ceased, despite
Nutts Corner, a former RAF base, becoming Belfast's main airport (Nutts Corner was itself superseded in 1963 by
Aldergrove). In 1983, following interest from airlines and customers, the airfield was opened for commercial flights as Belfast Harbour Airport (later Belfast City Airport (BCA), now
George Best Belfast City Airport). Following major capital investment, Bombardier sold BCA for £35 million in 2003.
Bombardier In 1977, the company changed its name back to Short Brothers, and in 1984 it became a
public limited company in preparation for privatisation. The government announced the sale of Shorts to
Bombardier on 7 June 1989 for £30 million. As part of the sale, the government agreed at the insistence of
Chancellor John Major to write off £390 million of the company's accumulated losses and inject another £390 million to recapitalise the group and cover current and future losses, capital investment and training. Bombardier beat a bid from
General Electric Company and
Fokker.
Messerschmitt-Bölkow-Blohm had withdrawn before final offers were submitted. The sale was finalised on 4 October 1989. In 1993, with the company under the chairmanship of
Roy McNulty, Bombardier Shorts and
Thomson-CSF formed a joint venture,
Shorts Missile Systems, for the design and development of very short-range, air defence missiles for the
UK Ministry of Defence and armed forces worldwide using expertise dating back to the 1950s. In 2000, Thomson-CSF bought Bombardier's 50% share to become the sole owner of Shorts Missile Systems, renaming it
Thales Air Defence in 2001.
Spirit AeroSystems On 31 October 2019, Bombardier announced the sale of its aerostructures activities to
Spirit AeroSystems. The sale closed in November 2020 following regulatory approval and a renegotiated price due to the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic. ==Legacy==