Early life and early reign He was one of the sons of
Demetrius I Soter, the brother of
Demetrius II Nicator and his mother may have been
Laodice V. Antiochus was elevated after Demetrius was captured by the
Parthians. He married
Cleopatra Thea, who had been the wife of Demetrius. Their offspring was
Antiochus IX, who thus became both half-brother and cousin to
Seleucus V and
Antiochus VIII. In his nine-year reign, Antiochus made some effort to undo the massive territorial and authority losses of recent decades. Antiochus defeated the usurper
Diodotus Tryphon at
Dora and laid siege to
Jerusalem in 134 BC. During the siege he allowed a seven-day truce for the Jews to celebrate a religious festival, impressing the Jewish leadership. According to
Josephus the
Hasmonean leader
John Hyrcanus opened King
David's sepulchre and removed three thousand talents, which he then paid Antiochus to spare the city. Nevertheless, King Antiochus' respectful treatment of the Jews, and respect for their religion, earned him their gratitude and added name
Euergetes ("the Benefactor"). With no Jewish sources of that time (the Book of Maccabees ends a few years before his time), it is unclear if the siege of Jerusalem ended with a decisive Seleucid victory or simply a peace treaty. Furthermore, Jewish forces later assisted Antiochus in his wars, and for nearly 20 years after his death, John Hyrcanus refrained from attacking areas under Seleucid control.
Later territory disputes and defeat Antiochus spent the final years of his life attempting to reclaim the lost eastern territories, overrun by the
Parthians under their "Great King",
Mithridates I. Marching east, with what would prove to be the last great Seleucid royal army (including a unit of Judean troops under
John Hyrcanus), he defeated Mithridates in two battles. He restored
Mesopotamia,
Babylonia and
Media to the Seleucid empire, before dispersing his army into winter quarters. The Seleucid king and army spent the winter feasting, hunting and drinking (the Seleucids maintained the Macedonian tradition of heavy drinking). As with any time an army is quartered upon a population, tensions soon grew between the locals and the Syrian troops. The new Parthian ruler,
Phraates II, had not been idle. He raised a new army while stirring up rebellion in the Seleucid occupied towns of Media. Hoping to further sow dissension amongst his foes, Phraates also released his long-held prisoner,
Demetrius II, Antiochus' older brother, who returned to Syria to reclaim the throne. That winter (130–129 BC), several Median towns rose in rebellion and attacked their Seleucid garrisons. Antiochus marched to support one such isolated garrison with only a small force (probably only his Royal Guards). In a barren valley, he was ambushed and killed in the
Battle of Ecbatana by Phraates II and a large force of Parthians, who had entered the country without being detected. Most Greco-Roman historians state that Antiochus died in battle; the victorious Parthians claimed that he killed himself because of fear, an assertion also made by
Appian. holding
cornucopia. Greek legend reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΟΧΟΥ ΕΥΕΡΓΕΤΟΥ,
Basileōs Antiochou Euergetou, "of king Antiochus, the benefactor."
Succession Antiochus's confirmed heir was
Antiochus IX Cyzicenus. But a fragment from book 16 of
Posidonius' "Histories", which survives in the
Deipnosophistae written by
Athenaeus, mentions a king named Seleucus, who was captured in Media by king Arsaces and treated like royalty. The identity of this Seleucus have been a matter of debate; the possibility of Seleucus being a son of Antiochus VII captured after the death of his father is suggested by
Felix Jacoby and, with reservations, by Ian G. Kidd. ==See also==