SNCF Class BB 15000

In the mid-1960s, SNCF sought a new type of dual-current electric locomotives. As thyristor technology advanced rapidly, SNCF decided to adopt the new technology for a new series of locomotives, later known as the Nez Cassés (Broken Noses, due to their cab styling by Paul Arzens) or BB 4400 kW. Given that the need for pure AC-locomotives was greatest, SNCF placed an initial order of five locomotives in 1968. In 1969 a second order of 10 locomotives followed, in 1970 a third order was made for another 10 locomotives. The remaining 40 locomotives were ordered in 1973. The first five locomotives were delivered in 1971 in the overall-green "Maurienne" livery. The rest followed between 1973 and 1978, painted in the striking TEE-Arzens livery. Initially meant to support BB16000 locomotives on eastern and northeastern lines, which could not keep up with the timetables anymore after top speed on some sections was raised to , the BB15000 series would become the most important locomotives on the northern and northeast network. ==Career==

1970s-2007 in 1992 After being tested on the Paris–Épernay main line in 1971, they entered revenue service from 1972. They ran mostly on the northeastern network where they hauled nearly all the principle passenger trains, including the national TEE trains Kléber and Stanislas. Some services extended to the northwest, with workings to Lille, Calais and the Belgian border at Quévy. Services remained stable throughout the 1970s and 1980s, but the opening of the Ligne-a-Grande-Vitesse Nord in 1993 started a cascade of assignments in which the BB 15000's lost services to either dual-voltage BB 26000 locomotives or to TGV trains. Yet BB 15000 locomotives remained strong in the northeast and hauled Corail Téoz services between Paris and Strasbourg from 2003 until mid-2005, when half of the loco-hauled services were converted to TGV trainsets, albeit still running on the classic line. In mid-2006 the remainder were also converted into TGV services, leaving only some TER trains for the Lorraine and Alsace regions, and the EuroCity trains between Basel and Brussels (loco change at Luxemburg) or Paris and Frankfurt (loco change at Strasbourg). The partial opening of the LGV Est in June 2007 meant the end of classic locomotive-hauled Intercity trains between Paris and the northeastern regions, with BB 15000 locomotives losing a great deal of importance there. 2007-present Although the end of locomotive-hauled Intercity trains in the northeast marked a downgrading of duties, it did not result in the withdrawal of the class. The remaining 60 locomotives are divided over the following three sectors: • Twelve locomotives were allocated to SNCF-VFE and worked Basel-Luxembourg EuroCity services, as well as DB AutoZug's night train from Paris-Nord to the Belgian border. These locomotives are fitted with the Memor II+ safety system which enables them to operate in Luxembourg. These locomotives are numbered in the 115000 series. This Basel-Luxembourg EuroCity service ended during the summer of 2016 and the locomotives assigned to it were reassigned at that time. • Twenty-eight locomotives are allocated to SNCF-CIC (Corail Intercité) and are working medium to long distance regional services between Paris and Amiens/Maubeuge on the one end, and Paris-Caen/Deauville/Le Havre on the other end. Twelve locomotives of this sub-series, called BB215000R (from "Réversible"), are fitted with MUX which enables them to work in push-pull with the Corail B6Dux driving trailers and will be replacing BB216000 locomotives there. This sub-series is numbered in the 215000 series. • Twenty locomotives are allocated to SNCF-TER Champagne-Ardennes, Haute-Normandie and Picardie, working fast TER services and replacing the remaining BB516000 locomotives. Fifteen locomotives of this sub-series, called BB515000R, are fitted with MUX in able to operate in push-pull mode with V2N driving trailers on Paris-Rouen (Haute-Normandie) and Paris-Amiens (Picardie) and will be replacing BB516100 locomotives there. This sub-series is numbered in the 515000 series. ==Technology==

The locomotive's body shell is shared with the other members of the "Nez Cassé" (broken nose) family (BB7200, BB22200) and is of the monocoque type. The cab layout is shared with the BB7200 and BB22200 series and has a great deal in common with cabs of other SNCF locomotives of the 1960s. This class was also the first to introduce the VI ("Vitesse Imposée") cruise control system which is now standard on all SNCF locomotives delivered after 1971. The electrical equipment consists of a single pantograph (type AM18U) which collects 25 kV from the catenary. Power is passed through a transformer which lowers the voltage to about 1500 V AC and a bridge rectifier controlled by thyristors rectify it into DC, which is then fed into the traction motors. Brake equipment consists of pneumatic, electro-pneumatic, regenerative and dynamic brakes. The monomotor bogies were derived from the Y217 bogies of BB67400 locomotives and have primary (coil springs) and secondary ("sandwich" blocs) suspension. The reliability of the locomotives is outstanding, as some locomotives have already passed the 10,000,000 km mark and have less than 2 defects per million kilometres, a number unrivaled by other similar European locomotives. ==Liveries==

BB15000 locomotives have carried at least six different liveries: . • The green "Maurienne" livery (so called because CC6500 locomotives also wore this livery and operated in the French Maurienne region) was worn by locomotives BB15001 - BB15005 between their delivery and 1982, when they were repainted into the TEE-Arzens livery. . • The TEE-Arzens livery was worn by locomotives from number BB15006 onwards by delivery; the first five green locomotives were also repainted in this livery in 1982. There were two variants of this livery: the original livery which consisted of silver, red and orange, and the modified one where the silver was replaced with opaque gray. Nowadays a number of locomotives still wear the original livery, the others having another one listed below. • The "béton" (lit. concrete) livery, which was the standard livery of BB7200 and BB22200 locomotives, was tested on locomotives BB15034 and BB15040 in 1986-87 but was considered a failure as the locomotives got dirty too fast. • The "Multiservices" livery (former known as Corail+, as on the coaches) was introduced in 1995 on BB15016 and consisted of two shades of gray, silver and red. Nearly half of the class was painted in this livery by 2002, when the new "en voyage..." livery was introduced on the series. • The "en voyage..." livery was the latest livery of the class. Introduced on BB15063 in 2002. It consists of silver, purple on cab side 1 and cyan on cab side 2, and the "en voyage..." sticker with stylish motifs. The rights to use this design have expired and all locos still wearing it will be repainted in something else upon their next overhaul. • A number of BB 15000 locos have been repainted in TER liveries of the regions where they run. ==The experimental uses of the class==

BB 15000 locomotives were popular locomotives for conducting various experiments: • In 1972, BB 15001 was used for testing a potential speed increase to on the Paris-Strasbourg main line (sections Épernay - Châlons-sur-Marne, Vitry-le-François - Bar-le-Duc and Lunéville - Sarrebourg). While the locomotive had no technical difficulties at those speeds, the project was not continued due to the enormous cost of the infrastructure works which had to be undertaken. • In 1973, BB15008 was used to test communication interferences on the now defunct Überherrn-Wadgassen line in Germany, exceptionally fed with 25 kV at that time. • In 1974, BB 15007 was taken out of service and transformed into BB 7003, the prototype for the BB 7200 locomotives. In 1982 the same loco was converted to SNCF Class BB 10003 to trial the development of asynchronous induction traction motors. At the end of the testing in 1997, it reverted to its original configuration as BB 10007. • In 1976, BB 15015 was tested on the Marseille-Nice main line in order to prepare the line for the arrival of the similar, but bicurrent BB 22200 locomotives. • In 1977, BB 15041 operated special demonstration rides between Épernay and Châlons-sur-Marne at for Amtrak executives in order to convince them to buy a locomotive based on this design rather than the Swedish-based AEM-7. Eventually six-axle locomotive CC 21003 was rebuilt to US standards and sent to the United States instead. • In 1978, BB 15012 received the lower-geared bogies of locomotive BB 22201 and was tested on various lines with heavy freight trains with weights up to , in order to test the performances against BB 22000 locomotives. • In 1979, BB 15063 was equipped with the bogies of BB 7248 which had a modified secondary suspension for operating in the Middle East. The Iranian Railways were interested in purchasing a locomotive class based on the BB 15000 design. BB 15063 was tested with heavy trains up to on various 25 kV lines. BB 15063 retains these special bogies even today. • In 1979 BB 15030 was used for stability tests in the Marne valley region at speeds up to . • In 1980, a BB 15000 locomotive hauled middle cars of a TGV Sud-Est train set at high speeds in preparation of their services on the LGV Sud-Est. • Later that year, BB 15008 was sent to the Rail Tec Arsenal climatic test chamber in Vienna for thermal tests up to . • In 1981, locomotives BB 15049 and BB 15059 were used for testing the behaviour of the AM18U pantographs at high speeds in tunnels, related to use in the then not yet built Channel Tunnel. • In 1982, BB 15055 received synchronous motors. Later that year it was renumbered BB 10004. In 1989, it was restored to its original configuration and taken back into service with its original number. • Also in 1982, BB 15056 received a bimotor bogie with motors similar to the ones used in TGV Sud-Est sets. ==Fleet list==

Many of the class were named after French communes, towns and cities. == Models ==

• This locomotive was reproduced in H0 scale by Jouef, Lima, LS Models, Märklin and Roco. • This locomotive was reproduced in N scale by Fleischmann and Minitrix. ==See also==