Raymond Loewy

Loewy was born in Paris in 1893, the son of Max (Maximilian) Loewy, a Jewish journalist of Austrian citizenship, naturalized French in 1890, born in Pressburg, and a French mother, Marie Labalme, born in Bessèges. Loewy distinguished himself early with the design of a successful model aircraft, which won the Gordon Bennett Cup for model airplanes in 1908. By the following year, he had commercial sales of the plane, named the Ayrel. He studied in Lycée Chaptal in Paris and graduated in 1910 from the University of Paris. He continued his studies in advanced engineering at École Duvignau de Lanneau in Paris, but stopped his studies early to serve in World War I, eventually graduating after the war in 1918. Loewy served in the French army during World War I (1914–1918), attaining the rank of captain. He was wounded in combat and received the Croix de guerre. After the war he moved to New York, where he arrived in September 1919. ==Career==

Early work In Loewy's early years in the United States, he lived in New York and found work as a window designer for department stores, including Macy's, Wanamaker's and Saks in addition to working as a fashion illustrator for Vogue and ''Harper's Bazaar''. In 1929, he received his first industrial-design commission to contemporize the appearance of a duplicating machine by Gestetner. Further commissions followed, including work for Westinghouse, the Hupp Motor Company (the Hupmobile styling), and styling the Coldspot refrigerator for Sears-Roebuck. It was this product that established his reputation as an industrial designer. He opened a London office in the mid-1930s that continues to operate. Pennsylvania Railroad In the early 1930s, Loewy did comprehensive design work for the Pennsylvania Railroad in providing a deeply modern Art Moderne design for the railroad's flagship electric locomotive, the GG1. The engines would operate into the 1980s under a variety of paint schemes, some of them reflecting ownership changes, and one of them - 4935 - would be restored to its original appearance all the way down to paint colors. He designed other passenger locomotives for the firm, including a streamlined shroud for K4s Pacific #3768 to haul the newly redesigned 1938 Broadway Limited. He followed by styling the experimental S1 locomotive, as well as the T1 class. In 1940, he designed a simplified version of the streamlined shroud for another four K4s. In 1942, he designed the streamlined shroud for the experimental duplex engine Q1 which was his last work of streamlining PRR's steam engine. In 1946, at the Pennsylvania Railroad's request, he restyled Baldwin's diesels with a distinctive "sharknose" reminiscent of the T1. While he did not design the famous GG1 electric locomotive, he improved its appearance with welded rather than riveted construction, and he added a pinstripe paint scheme to highlight its smooth contours. In addition to locomotive design, Loewy's studios provided many designs for the Pennsylvania Railroad, including stations, passenger-car interiors, and advertising materials. By 1949, Loewy employed 143 designers, architects, and draftsmen. His business partners were A. Baker Barnhart, William Snaith, and John Breen. Studebaker logo logo New Man Loewy had a long and fruitful relationship with American car maker Studebaker. Studebaker first retained Loewy and Associates and Helen Dryden as design consultants in 1936 and in 1939 Loewy began work with the principal designer Virgil Exner. Their designs first began appearing with the late-1930s Studebakers. Loewy also designed a new logo to replace the "turning wheel" that had been the Studebaker trademark since 1912.) The Starlight has consistently ranked as one of the best-designed cars of the 1950s in lists compiled since by Collectible Automobile, Car and Driver, and Motor Trend. The '53 Starliner, recognized today as "one of the most beautiful cars ever made", was radical in appearance, as radical in its way as the 1934 Airflow. However, it was beset by production problems.) Each team member had a role. Andrews and Kellogg handled sketching, Ebstein oversaw the project, and Loewy was the creative director and offered advice. NASA livery, designed by Loewy according to the typeface, color and other preferences of President Kennedy, who was advised on the scheme by First Lady Jacqueline Kennedy Raymond Loewy worked for NASA from 1967 to 1973 as a Habitability Consultant for design of the Skylab space station, launched in 1973. One of NASA's goals in hiring him was to improve the psychology, safety, and comfort of manned spacecraft. The table was designed by Loewy in order to avoid creating hierarchical positions for crew members during long missions. Food was eaten using forks, knives and spoons, which were held in place on the table by magnets. Liquids were drunk from squeezable plastic containers. International Harvester The International Harvester company was a manufacturer of agricultural machinery, light and heavy duty trucks, construction equipment and appliances. In 1935 it engaged Loewy to overhaul the product line, from the company's logo to operator ergonomics. The first new machine to reflect Loewy's design aesthetic, a crawler tractor known as the International TD-18, was launched in 1938. Cockshutt For the 1958 model year, Loewy was engaged to style the Canadian Cockshutt Plow Company's new line of agricultural tractors in the squared-off style that was becoming popular. The Cockshutt 540, 550, 560 and 570 models were all styled by Loewy. Allis-Chalmers Raymond Loewy's designers influenced the design of Allis-Chalmers crawler tractors. The tractors were described as having stylish panelwork with curvaceous lines. ==Personal life, death and legacy==

Loewy's first marriage was to Jean Thomson, which ended in divorce. Jean Thomson remained employed by the Loewy firm after the marriage ended. in Rochefort-en-Yvelines, a village located 40 km south-west of Paris, where he owned a rural home named La Cense. Foundation In 1992, Viola and Laurence Loewy, with the support of British American Tobacco, established the Raymond Loewy Foundation in Hamburg, Germany. The foundation was established to preserve the memory of Raymond Loewy and promote the discipline of industrial design. An annual award of €50,000 is granted to outstanding designers, in recognition of their lifetime achievements. Notable grantees include Karl Lagerfeld, Philippe Starck and Dieter Rams. Design philosophy In 1998, Loewy's daughter, Laurence, established Loewy Design in Atlanta, Georgia, to manage her father's continued interests in the United States. In 2006, the Loewy Gallery opened in Roanoke, Virginia, through the supportive efforts of the O. Winston Link Museum, the local business community, and art patrons Laurence Loewy, David Hagerman, and Ross Stansfield. Laurence died of natural causes October 15, 2008. Her husband, David Hagerman, became the representative for the Estate of Raymond Loewy, which remained dedicated to reintroducing Loewy's design philosophy of MAYA, or "most advanced, yet acceptable", to a new generation, through design exhibitions, publications, and documentaries. In October 2017, the documentary "Raymond Loewy: designer of American dreams", originally conceived by Laurence Loewy, premiered to Paris audiences. The film has aired on the French Arte channel. Google doodle On November 5, 2013, Loewy was honored with a Google Doodle depicting a streamlined locomotive bearing a resemblance to the shroud design of K4s Pacific #3768, using the wheels of the train to form the word Google. ==Loewy designs==

Work in years or models unknown • Frigidaire refrigerators, ranges, and freezers • Panama Pacific Line interiors for a trio of American-built cargo liners named the SS Ancon, SS Cristobal and . • Wahl-Eversharp Symphony fountain pen. • Dorsett "Catalina", a popular early fiberglass pleasure boat. 1900s • Ayrel aircraft, 1909 1920s • Gestetner mimeograph duplicating machine shell, 1929 1930s • Boeing 307 Stratoliner interior of aircraft owned by Howard Hughes • International Harvester Farmall tractor letter series, 1939–1954 • International Harvester Metro, light & medium duty vans and trucks, 1938 • Pennsylvania Railroad, streamlining of: • PRR K4s steam locomotive • PRR S1 steam locomotive • PRR Q1 steam locomotive • PRR Q2 steam locomotive • PRR T1 steam locomotive • PRR GG1 electric locomotive • Pennsylvania Railroad, The Broadway Limited (exterior color scheme and interiors) 1938–1947 • Pennsylvania Railroad, Fleet of Modernism color scheme for passenger cars 1938–1947 • Sears products, including the 1935 Sears Coldspot refrigerator • Sunbeam tombstone-shaped electric toaster. 1940s • Electrolux L300 refrigerator, 1940 • Missouri Pacific Railroad Eagle streamliner colors and car interiors, 1940 • Harley-Davidson components of the 1941 74FL Knucklehead • Schick electric razor, 1941 • Loewy Lincoln Continental, 1946 • Filben Maestro jukebox, 1947 • 1947 Studebaker Champion, 1947 • Accommodations and public spaces for the postwar refit of Matson Lines liner , 1948 • Baldwin Locomotive Works Model DR-4-4-15 "Sharknose" diesel locomotives, 1949 • IBM 026 keypunch, 1949 • Norfolk and Western Railway Roanoke, Virginia station renovation (now the O. Winston Link Museum), 1949; the building is included in the Norfolk and Western Railway Company Historic District, listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999. • Lord & Taylor first branch, Manhasset, New York, 1946 • Eversharp Symphony fountain pen 1949 1950s • Lionel's #497 Coal Loader, 1950 • Greyhound Lines experimental Coach GX-1 (US Patent 2,563,917), precursor to the PD-4501 Scenicruiser, 1951. • The International Harvester "IH" "Man on a tractor" logo, 1952. • Peace cigarette packaging, 1952 • J. W. Robinson's Beverly Hills (department store, interiors), 1952. • Studebaker Commander, 1953 • Northern Pacific Railway, Vista-Dome North Coast Limited (exterior color scheme and interiors), 1954. • Coca-Cola redesign of the original contour bottle, eliminating Coca-Cola embossing and adding vivid white Coke/Coca-Cola lettering, designed and introduced king-size or slenderized bottles (10, 12, 16 and 26 oz.) (1955) • Rosenthal Sunburst modern china set 1956. • Hillman Minx automobile, Series One onward, 1956–1959. • Sunbeam Alpine automobile, series One onward, 1959–1967. • Sunbeam Mixmaster Models 10 and 11, 1950–1956. • Scott-Atwater Royal Scott outboard motor made by McCulloch, 1957 • 500-Series of Cockshutt tractors, 1958 • Le Creuset Coquelle, 1958 • Leisurama homes, 1959 • Dorsett recreational boats, 1959 • TWA Twin Globes Logo, 1959 1960s • Coca-Cola steel can with diamond design, 1960 • Air Force One's distinctive blue, white and chrome livery, 1962. Variations on Loewy's original design are today flown by most of the U.S. Air Force's fleet of VIP aircraft, including the military "VC" models of 747s, 757s, 737s, and Gulfstreams. • Union News restaurants, coffee shop, at the TWA Flight Center, Idlewild, circa 1962 • Studebaker Avanti, 1963 • United States Coast Guard "racing stripe" Service Mark, 1964 • Five cents John Kennedy postage stamp, 1964 • DF-2000 line of modern furniture, 1965 • Plastic Omnium logo, 1966 • Exxon logo, 1966 (introduced in 1972) • New York City Transit Authority R40 car, whose slanted-front end design had to be retrofitted with guide and guard rails, along with pantograph gates due to safety concerns, 1967. • Lucky Strike holiday carton, box art, Christmas 1967 • Chubb logo, 1968 • Elna's Lotus compact sewing machine; in the Design Collection of New York's Museum of Modern Art (MOMA), 1968. • SPAR logo, 1968 • Stiffle Lamps Tension Pole Lamps 1970s • United States Postal Service eagle logo, 1970 • Shell logo, 1971 • Air France Concorde interior, 1975 • NASA's Skylab space station, first interior design standards for space travel including a porthole to allow a view of Earth from space, interior designs and color schemes, a private area for each crew member to relax and sleep, food table and trays, coveralls, garment storage modules, designs for waste management • Norfolk Scope, hallmark and logo Gallery File:1932 Hupmobile (5492799095).jpg|1932 Hupmobile Model 222-F "cyclefenders" File:1935 Hupmobile Model 527T sedan (19361573002).jpg|1935 Hupmobile Model 527-T sedan Aerodynamic File:1941 Lincoln Continental Derham Coupe - fvl (4669198066).jpg|1941 Lincoln Continental Coupe, restyled by Raymond Loewy and finished by Derham in 1946 for Loewy's personal use File:1953 Studebaker Commander.jpg|1953 Studebaker Commander Starliner hardtop File:LC-USZC4-3923 Avanti Loewy.jpg|A concept sketch of the 1963 Avanti by Loewy File:1958 International Metro Van in Portland in 2012, front.jpg|A preserved Metro Van in 2012 File:PCC Cleveland.jpg|A PCC (Presidents' Conference Committee) streetcar in Cleveland in 1950 File:Le Creuset.jpg|Le Creuset dishes File:Thermos flask, Model 3750, designed by Raymond Loewy, American Thermos Bottle Corporation, 1937, chrome-plated brass, aluminum, bakelite - Museum für Angewandte Kunst Köln - Cologne, Germany - DSC09512.jpg|1937 Thermos flask File:Television set, Model T 54, designed by Raymond Loewy, The Hallicrafters, USA, 1948, case made from lacquered iron sheet - Museum für Angewandte Kunst Köln - Cologne, Germany - DSC09654.jpg|1948 Midel T-54 television set File:Elna Lotus ouverte.jpg|Elna Lotus portable folding sewing machine File:Anscoflex II (John Kratz).jpg|Anscoflex II File:Leisurama house in Montauk.jpg|A Leisurama house in Montauk, New York; Leisurama houses could be purchased at Macy's department store. File:Bar Counter at TWA Flight Center, 1962.jpg|Union News coffee shop at the TWA Flight Center, John F. Kennedy International Airport|Idlewild] Airport (JFK) File:Boeing 787-10 rollout with President Trump (33150979675) crop.jpg|Air Force One with Loewy-designed livery File:CGMark W.png|The USCG Racing Stripe logo (1964) File:Exxon logo.svg|The Exxon logo, designed in 1966, introduced in 1972 ==Published books==

• The Locomotive: Its Aesthetics (1937) • Never Leave Well Enough Alone (1951, autobiography) • Industrial Design (1979) ==See also==