In the early 20th century, "superstate" had a similar definition as today's
supranational organisations. In a 1927 article by Edward A. Harriman on the
League of Nations, a superstate was defined as merely "an organisation, of which a state is a member, which is superior to the member themselves", in that "[a] complete superstate has legislative, executive and judicial organs to make, to execute and to interpret its laws". According to this definition, Harriman saw the League of Nations as a "rudimentary superstate", and the
United States of America as "an example of a complete and perfect superstate". In ''
World Order of Bahá'u'lláh,'' first published in 1938,
Shoghi Effendi, the
Guardian of the
Baháʼí Faith, described the anticipated world government of that religion as the "world’s future super-state" with the Baháʼí Faith as the "State Religion of an independent and Sovereign Power." In the 1970s, academic literature used the term "superstate" to indicate a particularly rich and powerful state, in a similar fashion to the term
superpower. In this context, the term was applied to
Japan, as contemporary academics suggested that
Japan could displace the U.S. as the world's sole superpower, becoming the world's foremost
economic power in the (then) near future because of
its economic growth in recent decades. The prediction
did not come true. In contemporary political debate, especially the one centred on the
European Union, the term "superstate" is used to indicate a development in which the Union develops from its current
de facto status as a
confederation to become a fully-fledged
federation, known as the
United States of Europe. For instance,
Glyn Morgan contrasts the perspective of a "European superstate" to the ones of "a Europe of nation-states" and of "a post-sovereign European polity". In her definition, a "European superstate is nothing more than a sovereign state - a tried and tested type of polity that predominates in the modern world - operating on a European wide scale", they compared the emergence of a debt union to the federal structure of Germany. The term was famously used by
Margaret Thatcher in her 1988
Bruges speech, when she decried the perspective of "a European super-state exercising a new dominance from Brussels", and has since entered the
eurosceptic lexicon.
Tony Blair argued in 2000 that he welcomed an EU as a "superpower, not a superstate". In a 2022 study,
Alasdair Roberts argues that superstates should be construed as hybrid forms of political organization: "Every superstate carries the burdens of statehood, that is, the duties of intensive governance and respect for human rights that are carried by all modern states. But superstates also carry the burdens of empire, principally the burden of holding together a large and diverse population spread across a vast territory. Superstates are distinguished from ordinary states by problems of governance that are intensified by scale, diversity, and complexity". In this view, a superstate need not be highly centralized, just as some empires were not highly centralized. Thus is it possible to describe the European Union as a superstate without conceding that is a "centralized, unitary leviathan". ==Fictional superstates==