Marten

Results of DNA research indicate that the genus Martes is paraphyletic, with some studies placing Martes americana outside the genus and allying it with Eira and Gulo, to form a new New World clade. The genus first evolved up to seven million years ago during the Miocene epoch. }} }} }} }} }} ==Fossils==

Several fossil martens have been described, including: • †Martes campestris (Pliocene) • †Martes wenzensis (Pliocene) • †Martes vetus (Pleistocene) Another described fossil species, Martes nobilis from the Holocene, is now considered synonymous with the American marten. ==Etymology==

The Modern English "marten" comes from the Middle English , in turn borrowed from the Anglo-French and Old French , itself from a Germanic source; cf. Old English , Old Norse , and Old High German and Yiddish . ==Ecology and behaviour==

Martens are solitary animals, meeting only to breed in late spring or early summer. Litters of up to five blind and nearly hairless kits are born in early spring. They are weaned after around two months, and leave the mother to fend for themselves at about three to four months of age. They are omnivorous. Spatial niche segregation The stone marten and the pine marten segregate spatially where they occur in sympatry. This spatial niche segregation is due to the differences regarding their food preferences, adaptability to cold climates and avoidance of predators. The spatial niche segregation between stone and pine martens is also influenced by each species' habitat preferences and resource availability within specific ecosystems. Studies in Belarus show that the pine marten is more densely distributed in clay-rich, biodiverse woodlands, whereas the stone marten is adapted to habitats with greater resource limitations, such as sandy soils, where it relies more on seasonally available resources such as berries and carrion to meet its dietary needs. In Ireland and Italy, the pine marten displays seasonal stability in home ranges within well-resourced habitats, suggesting that resource abundance can enhance spatial exclusivity and reduce direct competition between species. ==In human culture==

Canada The marten is populous in the northern Ontario community of Big Trout Lake. During the fur trade, commissioned by the Hudson Bay Company in the 18th and 19th centuries, the marten pelt was typically fashioned into mittens. The marten is still traded locally. The locals place a high value on this pelt, typically trading it for consumable goods. Croatia In the Middle Ages, marten pelts were highly valued goods used as a form of payment in Slavonia, the Croatian Littoral, and Dalmatia. The marturina was a form of tax named after this. The banovac, a coin struck and used between 1235 and 1384, included the image of a marten. This is one of the reasons why the Croatian word for marten, kuna, was the name of the former Croatian currency. A marten is depicted on the obverse of the 1-, 2-, and 5-kuna coins, minted since 1993, and on the reverse of the 25-kuna commemorative coins. With adoption of euro as the national currency in 2023, a marten continues to be depicted on the obverse of the Croatian 1 euro coin. A running marten is shown on the coat of arms of Slavonia and subsequently on the modern design of the coat of arms of Croatia. The official seal of the Croatian Parliament from 1497 until the late 18th century had a similar design. Finland The Finnish communications company Nokia derives its name, via the river Nokianvirta, from a type of marten locally known as the nokia. Greece In the Illiad, the fleet-footed spy Dolon wore a marten-pelt cap. Italy The Latin word for helmet, , originally meant "marten pelt", although it is unclear whether early Romans wore these helmets for symbolical reasons or for their fine fur. ==References==