The Origins: TAM – Táxi Aéreo Marília TAM – Táxi Aéreo Marília and TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais were two different entities, although both belonged to the TAM Group. TAM – Marília, an air taxi company founded on February 21, 1961 at the city of
Marília, provided the start-up infrastructure for TAM – Regionais.
TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais (KK) On November 11, 1975, the
Government of Brazil created the Brazilian Integrated System of Regional Air Transportation and divided the country in to five different regions, for which five newly created regional airlines received a concession to operate air services. Founded by
Rolim Adolfo Amaro,
TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais S/A was the third of those regional airlines to be made operational. Its services started on July 12, 1976, and its operational area comprised parts of the
Southeast and
Central West regions of Brazil, specifically the states of
Mato Grosso do Sul, and parts of
Mato Grosso, and
São Paulo plus the possibility of serving the cities of
Cuiabá,
Rio de Janeiro,
Londrina,
Maringá, and
Brasília when linking them to its area of concession. TAM – Linhas Aéreas Regionais was formed as a joint-venture between TAM – Táxi Aéreo Marília, and
VASP which was then a state-owned airline. The airline received the IATA code KK on October 13, 1999. The new airline flew
Embraer EMB 110 Bandeirantes at first, but these proved grossly inadequate for the task at hand, and even at full capacity needed to be subsidized by the government in order to be profitable. TAM went on to purchase three used
Fokker F27 turboprops, which were subsequently refurbished by
Fokker in the
Netherlands. In order to obtain the import authorization for the aircraft, a deal was struck with the government in which TAM was forced to maintain three
Bandeirantes for every F27, as well as removing five seats from each one, bringing the F27's capacity down to 40 passengers. A fourth F27, previously owned by
Air New Zealand, was added to the TAM fleet in 1981. By 1983, TAM had acquired 10 F27s. By 1981, TAM had flown 1 million passengers, and 2 million by 1984.
TAM (KK) joint operations with TAM (JJ) Under financial stress, the company went public in August 1986, and began floating stock in the market. The same year, TAM – Transportes Aéreos Regionais (KK) acquired another regional airline,
VOTEC, which operated in areas of northern and central Brazil. VOTEC was then renamed
Brasil Central Linhas Aéreas. TAM and Brasil Central were both regional airlines and operated in different designated areas. They, however, operated as a
consortium with integrated networks and fleet, with the most notable differences being the flight number IATA codes (whereas TAM had the IATA code KK, Brasil Central operated with the code JJ inherited from VOTEC), the different color schemes of the aircraft, and their designated areas of operation. In 1988, TAM flew its 3 millionth passenger. On May 15, 1990, the Brazilian Government lifted restrictions on operational areas of regional airlines allowing them to fly anywhere in Brazil. As a consequence, Brasil Central was renamed
TAM - Transportes Aéreos Meridionais, acquired the same color scheme of TAM (KK) but maintained the IATA code JJ. In 2000, TAM (KK) was merged into TAM (JJ) and TAM (JJ) was renamed TAM Transportes Aéreos. The code JJ was maintained and the code KK was released back to IATA. Despite TAM's success in the market, it was evident the airline would not last long when competing against airlines such as
Varig and
VASP, both of which already possessed
Boeing 737s in their fleet. Amaro then tried to buy VASP, which was about to be privatized and called the project "Revolution". Having lost the bid, he opted for slower growth with the gradual addition of new aircraft, re-dubbed "Evolution".
Consolidation of Services On September 15, 1989, TAM arranged for the acquisition of two
Fokker 100 jets. Like the
F27s before them, TAM did not actually purchase these aircraft but used Amaro's credibility to arrange for a third-party asset management company,
Guinness Peat Aviation, to purchase them and subsequently lease them back to TAM. Two more were added in 1991. In 1992, TAM carried its 8 millionth passenger. By 1993, through the use of the Fokker 100 fleet, which now numbered at 14, TAM was serving 56 cities in Brazil. in August 2010 In 1996, TAM bought another airline,
Helisul Linhas Aéreas, which used the trade name of TAM. In 1997, TAM ordered its first large jets; the airline ordered 45 planes from
Airbus, including 10
A330s, 4
A319s, and 34
A320s. In 1997, the Airbuses began to be delivered and the airline flew its first international service from São Paulo to
Miami International Airport. In 1998, TAM purchased the passenger division of
Itapemirim Transportes Aéreos. Two years later, in 1999, services to
Europe were inaugurated through a
code share service with
Air France, to
Paris-Charles de Gaulle Airport. In 2000, the airline was renamed
TAM Linhas Aéreas. Long running discussions to merge with
Varig ended in 2004. In 2008, TAM transported 30,144,000 passengers, with an average load factor of 71%. As of 2010, the airline is owned by the Amaro family (46.25%), Amaro Aviation Part (3.52%), treasury stocks (0.27%), and minority shareholders (49.96%). It employed 24,000 staff.
David Barioni served as the airline's president from 2007 to 2009. In 2009, TAM decided to replace its
Passenger Service System provided by Sabre, known as Sabresonic, with the Altéa platform from Amadeus. The migration to Altéa was completed in the first quarter of 2010. On March 30, 2011, TAM signed a letter of intentions to purchase up to 31% of the shares of
TRIP Linhas Aéreas, a regional airline which code-shares with TAM since 2004. A final decision had however been postponed; and finally, in February 2012, the purchase agreement was not renewed. On May 28, 2012, TRIP was sold to
Azul Brazilian Airlines. Code-sharing operations ended on March 28, 2013. On December 21, 2009, TAM Linhas Aéreas purchased
Pantanal Linhas Aéreas. At that time, TAM decided to maintain Pantanal as a separate airline within the TAM Group integrated into the network of TAM. Starting August 1, 2011, Pantanal operated flights on behalf of TAM, all with origin and destination at
São-Paulo-Congonhas Airport. On March 26, 2013, Brazilian authorities approved the incorporation of all Pantanal assets by TAM and Pantanal ceased to exist. The incorporation process was completed on August 23, 2013. In January 2013, the Jet Airliner Crash Data Evaluation Centre (JACDEC) determined that TAM Linhas Aéreas had the second-worst safety record in the world. The ratings take into account the number and deadliness of the hull losses (destroyed airplanes) they have suffered in the past 30 years, how they have fared more recently, and how many flights they have flown without incident. The results do not take into account the cause of the hull losses, or whether the airline is at fault, so they are not a perfect measure of how safely an airline behaves.
The creation of LATAM Airlines Group approaching
Toulouse-Blagnac Airport in 2016 On August 13, 2010, TAM signed a non-binding agreement with Chilean airline
LAN Airlines to merge and create
LATAM Airlines Group. This was changed into a binding agreement on January 19, 2011. LATAM's agreement was approved with 11 restrictions by Chilean authorities on September 21, 2011. These included transferring four slots at
São Paulo-Guarulhos to competitors interested in operating flights to
Santiago de Chile, renouncing membership to either
Oneworld or
Star Alliance, restricting increase capacity on flights between Brazil and Chile, and opening code-share possibilities and fidelity program membership to interested competitors. On December 14, 2011, Brazilian authorities approved the agreement imposing similar restrictions as Chilean authorities. By August 2012, LATAM made a decision in favor of Oneworld and frequencies between São Paulo and Santiago de Chile were reduced: TAM had two pairs of slots while LAN had four. LAN ceded two pairs to competitors interested in using them which later was known to be
Sky Airline. The merger was completed on June 22, 2012. As of May 5, 2016 TAM adopted the name LATAM. It still continues to use the "TAM" name as a call sign for its LATAM Brasil operated flights. On July 9, 2020, LATAM Brasil announced that it filed for judicial reorganization in the
United States due to the impacts of the
COVID-19 crisis on the company's operations. The LATAM Airlines group and its affiliates had already entered the debt restructuring process in May of the same year under the protection of Chapter 11 of the United States bankruptcy law, which allows a deadline for companies to reorganize themselves financially. Despite the announcement, the company continues to operate normally.
Subsidiary: LATAM Paraguay In 1994, TAM Linhas Aéreas established a small subsidiary airline in Paraguay called
Aerolíneas Paraguayas with a fleet consisting mostly of the
Cessna 208 Caravans, formerly operated by TAM. On September 1, 1996, TAM via ARPA, purchased 80% of the shares of the former state-owned
Líneas Aéreas Paraguayas and merged it with ARPA. The new airline was named
TAM – Transportes Aéreos del Mercosur and maintained the IATA code of LAP, PZ. TAM owned 94.98% and the
Paraguayan government 5.02% of the shares. In 2008, following a branding strategy, the name TAM Mercosur was dropped and the airline adopted an identical corporate identity of TAM Airlines. However, its corporate structure remained the same. The airline was informally known as TAM Paraguay, and used the IATA code PZ. In 2016, the airline was rebranded to LATAM Paraguay, at the same time as all other airlines of the LATAM group. ==Destinations==