Tarbela Dam

The dam is at a narrow spot in the Indus River valley, named after the town of Tarbela in the Haripur District of the Hazara Division within the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. was formed as a reservoir behind the dam The main dam wall, built of earth and rock fill, stretches from the island to river right, standing high. A pair of concrete auxiliary dams spans the river from the island to river left. The dam's two spillways are near the auxiliary dams rather than the main dam. The main service spillway has a discharge capacity of and the auxiliary spillway, . Annually, over 70% of water discharged at Tarbela passes over the spillways without being used for hydropower generation. Five large tunnels were constructed as part of the outlet works. Hydroelectricity is now generated from turbines in tunnel 1 through 4, while tunnel 5 is used for irrigation use. This tunnel is to be converted to hydropower use to increase Tarbela's electricity-generating capacity. The first four tunnels were originally used to divert the river while the dam was being constructed. MA hydroelectric power plant on the right side of the main dam houses 17 generators fed with water from outlet tunnels 1, 2, and 3. There are four 175 MW generators on tunnel 1, six 175 MW generators on tunnel 2, four 432 MW generators on tunnel 3 and three 470 MW generators on tunnel 4, for a total generating capacity of 4,888 MW. Tarbela Reservoir is long, with a surface area of . The reservoir initially stored of water, with a live storage of , though this figure has been reduced over the subsequent 35 years of operation to due to silting. The maximum elevation of the reservoir is above MSL and the minimum operating elevation is above MSL. The catchment area upriver of the Tarbela Dam is spread over of land largely supplemented by snow and glacier melt from the southern slopes of the Himalayas. There are two main Indus River tributaries upstream of the Tarbela Dam. These are the Shyok River, joining near Skardu, and the Siran River near Tarbela. ==Background==

Tarbela Dam was constructed as part of the Indus Basin Project after signing of the 1960 Indus Waters Treaty between India and Pakistan. The purpose was to compensate for the loss of water supplies of the eastern rivers (Ravi, Sutlej and Beas) that were designated for exclusive use by India per terms of the treaty. By the mid-1970s, power generation capacity was added in three subsequent hydro-electrical project extensions which were completed in 1992, installing a total of 3,478 MW generating capacity. ==Construction==

Construction of Tarbela Dam was carried out in three stages to meet the diversion requirements of the river. Construction was undertaken by the Italian firm Salini Impregilo. Stage 1 In the first stage, the Indus River was allowed to flow in its natural channel, while construction works commenced on the right bank where a long and wide diversion channel was being excavated along with a high buttress dam that was also being constructed. Stage 1 construction lasted approximately 2½ years. Stage 2 The main embankment dam and the upstream blanket were constructed across the main valley of the river Indus as part of the second stage of construction. During this time, water from the Indus river remained diverted through the diversion channel. By the end of construction works in stage 2, tunnels had been built for diversion purposes. Stage 2 construction took 3 years to complete. Stage 3 Under the third stage of construction, works were carried out on the closure of the diversion channel and construction of the dam in that portion while the river was made to flow through diversion tunnels. The remaining portion of upstream blanket and the main dam at higher levels was also completed as part of stage 3 works, which were concluded in 1976. ==Mishap during construction==

The Tarbela Dam experienced a significant construction-related mishap in 1974–75 when damage to its tunnels during initial reservoir filling prevented the planned impoundment of water. This resulted in reduced irrigation supplies and delayed commissioning of the power station, leading to lower agricultural output, increased reliance on wheat imports, and postponed hydropower generation. The incident imposed substantial economic costs, including repair expenditures and broader impacts on Pakistan’s economic growth during the mid-1970s, highlighting the dam’s critical role in the country’s agriculture and energy sectors. ==Re-settlement of people affected by Tarbela Dam==

An area of about 260 square kilometers and about of land was acquired for construction. The large reservoir of the dam submerged 135 villages, which resulted in the displacement of a population of about 96,000 people, many of whom were relocated to townships surrounding the Tarbela Reservoir or in adjacent higher valleys. For the land and built-up property acquired under the Land Acquisition Act of 1894, a cash compensation of Rs 469.65 million was paid to those affected. In the absence of a national policy, the resettlement concerns of the people displaced by the Tarbela Dam were addressed on an ad hoc basis. In 2011, many such people had still not been resettled or given land in compensation for their losses by the government of Pakistan, in accordance with its contractual obligations with the World Bank. ==Lifespan==

Because the source of the Indus River is glacial meltwater from the Himalayas, the river carries huge amounts of sediment, with an annual suspended sediment load of 200 million tons. Live storage capacity of Tarbela reservoir had declined more than 33.5 per cent to 6.434 million acre feet (MAF) against its original capacity of 9.679 MAF because of sedimentation over the past 38 years. The useful life of the dam and reservoir was estimated to be approximately 50 years. However, sedimentation has been much lower than predicted, and it is now estimated that the useful lifespan of the dam will be 85 years, to about 2060. Pakistan plans to construct several large dams upstream of Tarbela, including the Diamer-Bhasha Dam. Upon completion of the Diamer-Bhasha dam, sediment loads into Tarbela will be decreased by 69%. Also rain's water conclude in the dam during monsoon seasons, which had gathered in the dam in a large quantity ==Project benefits==

In addition to fulfilling the primary purpose of the dam, i.e., supplying water for irrigation, Tarbela Power Station has generated 341.139 billion kWh of hydro-electric energy since commissioning. A record annual generation of 16.463 billion kWh was recorded during 1998–99. Annual generation during 2007–08 was 14.959 billion kWh while the station shared peak load of 3702 MW during the year, which was 23.057% of total WAPDA system peak. ==Tarbela-IV Extension Project==

Tarbela dam extension-IV was planned in June, 2012, and PC-1 was developed for the project. US ambassador Richard Olson offered aid for construction of this project during his visit to Pakistan, in March, 2013. In September 2013, Pakistan's Water and Power Development Authority signed a Rs. 26.053 billion contract with Chinese firm Sinohydro and Germany's Voith Hydro for executing civil works on the 1,410 MW Tarbela-IV Extension Project. Construction commenced in February 2014, and was completed in February 2018. This project was constructed on Tunnel No. 4 of Tarbela Dam. It consists of three turbine-generator units, each with a capacity of 470 MW. The project was expected to provide an average of 3.84 billion kWh annually to the National Grid. It is intended to help supplement electricity supply during the high-demand summer months. Annual benefits of the project were estimated at Rs. 30.7 billion. On an annual basis, over 70% of water passing through Tarbela is discharged over spillways, while only a portion of the remaining 30% is used for hydropower generation. Financing The project's cost was initially estimated to be $928 million, The World Bank had agreed to provide an $840 million loan for the project in June 2013. The loan had two components: The first is a $400 million International Development Association loan, which will be lent as a concessional loan at low interest rates. The second portion consists of a $440 million from the World Bank's International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. before the project's cost was downwardly revised by $277 million. Interest costs for the loans are estimated to cost $83.5 million. Because of revised lower costs to $651 million from $928 million, the World Bank permitted Pakistani officials to expedite completion of the project by 8 months at a cost of an additional $51 million. Pakistani officials were also permitted to divert $126 million towards the Tarbela-V Extension Project. ==Tarbela-V Extension Project==

The Tarbela Dam was built with five original tunnels, with the first three dedicated to hydropower generation, and the remaining two slated for irrigation use. The fourth phase extension project uses the first of the two irrigation tunnels, while the fifth phase extension will use the second irrigation tunnel. Pakistan's Water and Power Development Authority sought expressions of interest for the Tarbela-V Extension Project in August 2014, and was given final consent for construction in September 2015. Financing In November 2015, the World Bank affirmed that it would finance at least $326 million of the project's estimated $796 million cost which includes $126 million of funding that was diverted from the $840 million fourth phase extension project after costs for that project were revised downwards. In September 2016, the World Bank approved an additional financing of $390 million for the fifth extension hydropower project of Tarbela dam that will support the scaling up of the power generation capacity by adding 1,530 megawatts to the existing tunnel 5. The project will be financed by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), with a variable spread and 20-year maturity, including a six-year grace period. This will be the first World Bank-supported project in South Asia to be jointly financed with the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) which will be providing $300m and the Government of Pakistan $133.5m. The total cost of the project is $823.5m. ==See also==