During the reign of Ramesses III, a list of kings at Medinet Habu shows Merneptah, Seti II followed directly by Setnakhte (founder of the 20th Dynasty), omitting Amenmesse, Tausret and Siptah as illegitimate. Her relationship with Seti II and the chronology of Amenmesse, Tausret and Siptah are based on much speculation and conjecture.
Regent After her husband's death, she became first regent to Seti's heir
Siptah jointly with
Chancellor Bay, a
West Asian. Siptah was likely a stepson of Tausret since his mother is now known to be a certain Sutailja or Shoteraja from Louvre Relief E 26901.
Pharaoh When Siptah died, Tausret officially assumed the throne for herself as the
"Daughter of Re, Lady of Ta-merit, Twosret of Mut", and assumed the role of a Pharaoh. While it was commonly believed that she ruled Egypt with the aid of Chancellor Bay, a recently published document by Pierre Grandet in a BIFAO 100 (2000) paper shows that Bay was executed on Siptah's orders during Year 5 of this king's reign. The document is a
hieratic ostracon or inscribed
potshard and contains an announcement to the workmen of
Deir al Madinah of the king's actions. No immediate reason was given to show what caused Siptah to turn against "the great enemy Bay," as the ostracon states. The recto of the document reads thus: :Year 5 III Shemu the 27th. ''On this day, the scribe of the tomb Paser came announcing 'Pharaoh,
life, prosperity, and health!, has killed the great enemy Bay'.'' This date accords well with Bay's last public appearance in Year 4 of Siptah. The ostracon's information was essentially a royal order for the workmen to stop all further work on Bay's tomb since the latter had now been deemed a traitor to the state. Aidan Dodson believes that Tausret engineered Bay's downfall so that she would have total control at the palace court and need no longer share power with her political rival. As Dodson writes: Meanwhile, Egyptian territories in Canaan seem to have become effectively independent under the overlordship of a man called
Irsu.
Papyrus Harris I, the main source on these events, claims that Irsu and Tausret had allied themselves, leaving Irsu free to plunder and neglect the land.
Year 8 Mortuary Temple Foundations , London Tausret's highest known date is a
Year 8 II Shemu day 29 hieratic inscription found on one of the foundation blocks (FB 2) of her mortuary temple at Gournah in 2011 by the University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition. Since this was only a foundation inscription and Tausret's temple, although never finished as planned, was at least built and completed, it is logical to assume that some time must have passed before her downfall and the termination of work on her temple project.
Richard H. Wilkinson stressed that Tausret's mortuary temple was "structurally completed" with a roof over the temple and walls bearing plastered walls with minimal decoration before work was halted. Richard Wilkinson notes: Therefore, Tausret must have ruled for one or a maximum of two more years beyond II Shemu 29 of her 8th Year for her temple to reach completion. As Richard Wilkinson wrote in 2011:
Reign length , Cairo
Manetho In the tradition of Manetho, Africanus preserves Thuris (7 years), Eusebius has Thuris (7 years), and Jerome has Thuoris (7 years).
Year 9? Further study by Pearce Paul Creasman has concluded that: : "Tausret’s temple was very close indeed to completion in terms of construction, and a suggestion can be offered that the sanctuary was functional before its destruction. Given the relative brevity of Tausret's reign, it would not be surprising if the sanctuary, as the “center of movement” of the temple, had received a full complement of preparations even while the remainder of the temple lacked it. The temple seems to have been at least functionally operational prior to its destruction." Tausret should, hence, have ruled for 1 or perhaps 2 more years after the Year 8 foundation temple inscription date to achieve these levels of completion, thus starting her 9th regnal year around the interval of IV Akhet/I Peret—when her husband died (since she assumed Siptah's reign as her own) or perhaps longer—before Setnakhte's rule began. Or she could have had a nearly full 9th-regnal year reign, including the 6-year reign of Siptah. Pearce Creasman writes in 2013, "if the foundations of [Tausret's temple] were laid in her eighth year and construction of the temple was completed, or nearly so, Tausret must have ruled long enough past her eighth regnal year to see this accomplished. At least an additional year, maybe two, would likely have been needed" Evidence that Tausret reigned closer to 9, rather than 8, full years since her mortuary temple was mostly completed under her reign is also provided by a sandstone fragment found in the blockyard at
Medinet Habu (MH bl. 0936) which: :shows two stages of carving on adjoining faces, the later of which, bearing the names of
Ramesses III, is part of a frieze from the destroyed inner chambers of his mortuary temple. The earlier inscription is found to contain the name and royal titles of Tausret, with cartouches erased but not reinscribed, and it is shown that this block must originally have come from her [ie. Tausret’s] destroyed mortuary temple. This piece thus demonstrates for the first time that Tausret’s temple was dismantled for building material and its blocks reused in the Medinet Habu complex early in Ramesses III’s reign. The fragment--and
Richard Wilkinson's analysis that the stone mortuary temple was 'structurally completed' with a roof over the temple and walls bearing plastered walls with minimal decoration in "The Temple of Tausret: The University of Arizona Egyptian Expedition Tausret Temple Project, 2004-2011" proves that Tausret's temple was actually built after the Year 8 temple foundations were set in the ground--and minimally decorated which means that she would have ruled Egypt for 9 and possibly 10 years--including the first 5 and a half years of Siptah. A reign of 9 years seems likely--meaning 3 separate full years for Tausret. When the
Year 8 II Shemu day 29 hieratic inscription foundation block was placed into the ground of Tausret's mortuary temple, she had ruled Egypt for 7 years and almost 6 months--including the reign of Siptah on the Egyptian dating system--since she counted her reign from the death of Siptah's predecessor and her husband--
Seti II--who is believed to have died around I Peret day 2. Tausret could not have built her temple in the short 6 month time interval from II Shemu day 29 to I Peret day 2 when her Regnal Year changed from Year 8 to Year 9 around I Shemu day 2 given her substantially completed mortuary temple at Gournah with its erected temple walls, temple roof and partly decorated walls--with a nearly functioning temple sanctuary. Since Paul Creasman maintains that it would have taken 1 to 2 years before work on Tausret's temple nearly complete mortuary temple was stopped, she clearly certainly started a Regnal Year 9 (and a less likely Regnal Year 10) and had a reign of around 9 full years.
End of Tausret's reign Tausret's reign ended in a civil war, documented in the Elephantine stela of her successor
Setnakhte, who became the founder of the Twentieth dynasty. While it is not known if she was overthrown by Setnakhte or whether she died peacefully in her own reign and a conflict broke out at court over her succession; the former scenario is the most likely. Her immediate 20th dynasty successor Setnakhte and his son Ramesses III described the late 19th dynasty as a time of chaos. Setnakhte usurped the joint
KV14 tomb of
Seti II and Tausret but reburied Seti II in tomb
KV15, while deliberately replastering and redrawing all images of Tausret in tomb KV14 with those of himself. Setnakhte's decisions here may demonstrate his dislike and presumably hatred for Tausret since he chose to reinter Seti II but not Tausret. Setnakhte himself does not seem to have harboured any animosity towards Siptah. Tausret likely erased Siptah's own royal cartouches in his
KV47 royal tomb and replaced the cartouches of Siptah with those of Seti II in
KV14, Tausret's own tomb, once she had presumably begun her own reign as pharaoh. As Dodson writes: : "Taken together, it seems that although Tawosret appears to have granted Siptah a burial, it was one that denied his status as a king, and was combined with Tawosret’s desire to refocus her royal affiliations on her husband, rather than the young man for whom she had ruled for half a decade." Setnakhte, however, reinstated Siptah's cartouches in the young king's tomb which suggests that this person's opponent was not Siptah but rather Siptah's successor, Tausret. It appears most likely that Setnakhte overthrew Tausret from power in a civil war. Setnakhte's son and successor,
Ramesses III, later decided to exclude both Tausret and even Siptah of the 19th dynasty from his
Medinet Habu list of Egyptian kings thereby delegitimizing them in the eyes of the Egyptian citizenry. ==Death==