Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park

Tengger massif The Tengger massif is a massif within the park. The area is an active volcanic complex surrounded by a plain of sand. Volcanism The volcanic complex of Tengger forms a condition where a new caldera of volcano forms inside a larger and more ancient caldera. There are five volcanoes inside the Tengger Caldera: Mount Bromo (2,329 m), Mount Batok (2,470 m), Mount Kursi (2,581 m), Mount Watangan (2,661 m), and Mount Widodaren (2,650 m). Mount Batok is the only peak that is no longer active, and is covered in casuarina () trees. Mount Widodaren, located beside Mount Batok, contains the cave Widodaren, which is considered sacred by local people. The five volcanoes within the caldera are surrounded by a vast area of sand called the Tengger Sand Sea, which in turn is surrounded by a steep crater wall of the larger Tengger Caldera with height differences of about . Other mountains around the Tengger caldera are: Mount Pananjakan (2,770 m), Mount Cemorolawang (2,227 m), Mount Lingker (2,278 m), Mount Pundak Lembu (2,635 m), Mount Jantur (2,705 m), Mount Ider-ider (2,527 m) and Mount Mungal (2,480 m). The peak of Mount Pananjakan is the most popular place to watch the entire volcanic complex of Tengger. Further south in the national park, there is another volcanic complex called the Semeru Group or Jambangan Group. This area contains the highest peak of Java, Mount Semeru (3,676 m). Other mountains within this area are Mount Lanang (2,313 m), Mount Ayek-ayek (2,819 m), Mount Pangonan Cilik (2,833 m), Mount Keduwung (2,334 m), Mount Jambangan (3,020 m), Mount Gentong (1,951 m), Mount Kepolo (3,035 m), and Mount Malang (2,401 m). The Semeru forest area has many rivers that are former lava lines from Mount Semeru. The Semeru group is considered to be very productive, producing volcanic matters such as lava, volcanic ash, and hot cloud and spreading it to the surrounding area. The lower area is surrounded with fertile rice fields. Climate The climate in Bromo Tengger Semeru is cold, especially in winter from May until September. There is heavy rainfall in summer, while there is little to no precipitation in winter. Nighttime temperatures in winter commonly fall below zero degrees Celsius, with potential for frost and light snow. It is classified as subtropical highland climate. {{Weather box ==Ecosystem==

According to height and temperature differences, the forests within the area can be classified into three zones: Sub-montane zone (750–1,500 m) This zone is classified as a tropical rainforest. It can be found in the southern area of Semeru, East Semeru (Burno), and West Semeru (Patok Picis). This zone is dominated with plants of the families Fagaceae, Moraceae, Anacardiaceae, Sterculiaceae, and Rubiaceae. There are also liana trees, such as a variety from the genus Calamus, Piper, Asplenium, and Begonia, and other plants from the family Araceae, Poaceae, and Zingiberaceae. There are also 225 species of orchid in this area. On Mount Semeru, there is no plant life above the altitude of 3,100 m. This zone is covered in loose sandstones. ==Flora and fauna==

Some endangered flora are protected in this park, such as Fagaceae, Moraceae, Sterculiaceae, Casuarina junghuhniana, Javanese edelweiss, and about 200 species of endemic orchids. There is a relatively small diversity of fauna in the Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park. There are about 137 species of birds, 22 species of mammals and 4 species of reptiles protected in the national park. Examples are besra, green peafowl, Javan rusa, Sumatran dhole, crab-eating macaque, marbled cat and Javan leopard. ==Culture==

The area in and around the park is inhabited by the Tengger people, one of the few significant Hindu communities remaining on the island of Java. Their population of roughly 600,000 is centered in thirty villages in the isolated Tengger mountains including Mount Bromo and areas within the park. The local religion is a remnant from the Majapahit era and therefore quite similar to that on Bali but with even more animist elements. The Tengger people are believed to be descendants of the Majapahit empire and were driven into the hills after mass arrival in the area of Muslim Madurese in the 19th century. ==Gallery==

Image:Tengger Caldera Panorama (27887761791).jpg|thumb|800px|center|Vicinity of Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park (clickable image) rect 2090 2070 2684 2280 Cemoro Lawang poly 4743 1989 5445 1817 5767 1593 5911 1581 6073 1593 6149 1617 6448 1801 6996 2067 6428 2139 6205 2163 5716 2149 5415 2123 5165 2029 Mount Batok poly 5429 1322 5647 1156 5939 974 6067 966 6419 1154 6067 1214 5703 1326 Mount Semeru poly 4980 1570 4724 1631 4712 1795 5168 1877 5440 1811 5700 1631 5478 1587 5208 1555 5098 1499 Mount Bromo desc bottom-left File:Gunung Bromo sunrise - Indonesia.jpg|Gunung Bromo sunrise File:Caldeira du Tengger.jpg|Tengger Caldera at sunrise File:Andhika bayu nugraha-taman nasional bromo tengger semeru.jpg|Golden hour over the park File:Mount Bromo is one of active volcanoes in Indonesia.jpg|Long exposure photo of the park File:Jejak Cahaya Petualangan di TNBTS.jpg|Tengger caldera at night, with the Milky Way visible File:Bromo-Tengger-Semeru National Park sunrise.jpg|Tengger caldera sunrise on a foggy day File:Mount Penanjakan (Bromo-Tengger-Semeru) at sunrise 2.jpg|Sunrise over Mount Penanjakan, one of the mountains surrounding the massif File:The Bromo. (10055455624).jpg|Sunrise over Tengger caldera on a clear day ==See also==