Development In April 2011, before the release of
Thor (2011),
Marvel Studios president
Kevin Feige stated that following
The Avengers (2012), "Thor will go off into a new adventure."
Kenneth Branagh, director of
Thor, responded to his comments, saying, "It is kind of news to me. Here's what I would say to that: It's that I'm thrilled they're that confident. I shall wait for the audience to tell us whether there should be a second one, and then if that's a nice conversation to be had [among] all of us, that'd be thrilling. But I've got too much Irish superstitious blood in me to assume that
Thor 2 will happen. But if Marvel says so, then I guess it must be true". Feige later explained that Marvel Studios would gauge how well
Thor did at the box office before announcing sequels, but stated, "
Don Payne is working on story ideas for a part two. We've got various options with Ken [Branagh] to discuss coming back, but right now the focus is on the first one. Don is, slowly but surely, thinking about where to take the character next should we be so lucky". In June 2011,
Walt Disney Studios set a July 26, 2013, release date for the
Thor sequel with
Chris Hemsworth reprising his role as the title hero. It was also reported that Branagh would not be returning as director but would likely be involved in a producing capacity. The
Los Angeles Times cited the long commitment necessary for a special effects-heavy epic and the pressure to start the script process right away as reasons for Branagh's departure, although he was initially enthused by the chance to direct the sequel. Branagh noted, "It was a long time [making the first film] and they were way too quick for me to get straight back into another, [but] it was a pleasurable experience and a film I'm very proud of." The following day, Marvel formally hired Payne, one of the credited writers of the first film, to script the sequel. An early version of the film planned to feature
Hela as the film's antagonist. However, Marvel Studios producer
Craig Kyle explained that the Creative Committee from
Marvel Entertainment was driving most of the decisions for the film and did not want a female villain because they did not believe they could sell toys based on her to young boys. In August,
Brian Kirk entered early negotiations to direct the
Thor sequel. The film would have marked Kirk's first time directing a big-budget motion picture, after having directed television series for
HBO,
Showtime and the
BBC, including
Game of Thrones (2011–2019). In September 2011,
Tom Hiddleston confirmed he would return in the sequel, speculating that in the film, "[Loki will] have to take responsibility for what he's done".
Patty Jenkins, the director of
Monster (2003) and the pilot episode of
AMC's
The Killing (2011–2014), entered early negotiations with Marvel Studios and Disney to direct the film, after Kirk had passed due to contractual sticking points that arose during negotiations. Later in the month, Feige stated the sequel would "take Thor literally to other worlds" and would "primarily be the journey of that character, of he and
Jane Foster and how the new dynamic with his father is working out, as well as what are the broader stakes for The Nine Worlds". On October 13, 2011, Marvel confirmed that Jenkins would direct the sequel and
Natalie Portman would return to star. Disney also moved the release date for the film to November 15, 2013.
Pre-production In December 2011, Jenkins exited the project, citing "creative differences". She stated, "I have had a great time working at Marvel. We parted on very good terms, and I look forward to working with them again". Jenkins felt she could not have made a good film "out of
Thor 2 because I wasn't the right director... I could have made a great
Thor if I could have done the story that I was wanting to do. But I don't think I was the right person to make a great
Thor out of the story they wanted to do." Jenkins had intended to create a film based on the premise of
Romeo and Juliet, where Jane was stuck on Earth with Thor forbidden to come save her. After Thor eventually does travel to Earth, he and Jane would have discovered that
Malekith was "hiding the dark energy inside of Earth because he knows that
Odin doesn't care about Earth, and so he's using Odin's disinterest in Earth to trick him". Three days later, it was reported that Marvel was looking at
Alan Taylor and
Daniel Minahan as prospective directors to replace Jenkins, and were also in the midst of hiring a writer to rewrite Don Payne's script, with the shortlist of possible writers consisting of
John Collee,
Robert Rodat and
Roger Avary. At the end of the month, Alan Taylor, best known for directing episodes of the HBO fantasy series
Game of Thrones, was chosen to direct the sequel. Feige mentioned Taylor's work on the series
Mad Men (2007–2015),
Boardwalk Empire (2010–2014) and
Game of Thrones as reasons for his hiring, saying "With Alan's direction we got a few more layers of patina, of texture, of reality into our golden realm." As Feige looked at what worked for the first
Thor film and thought what he could retool from that, Taylor decided to "bring some
Game of Thrones to it" in order to make a darker and more grounded sequel in comparison to Branagh's work in the previous film. By January 10, Marvel Studios had commissioned screenwriter Rodat to rewrite the sequel and Hiddleston stated that filming was expected to begin in
London in the summer of 2012. Hemsworth later confirmed that filming was scheduled to begin in August. Hemsworth also revealed that the film would have a more
Viking-influenced feel, elaborating "I think the science fiction element to
Thor ... the danger is it falls a little bit into the world of it's 'tough to throw a light to.' I think of big waterfalls and mountains and a Viking influence, where the
Norse mythology kind of grew from. Having that in Asgard is going to make it all the more special and that's what Alan [Taylor] wants to bring to it." Feige said "while the relationship between Loki and Thor certainly has changed [after the events of the movie
The Avengers] and has progressed, a lot of
Thor 2 is picking up where it left off in terms of Jane, who you just saw for a moment on a computer monitor, and also what's been going on in the
Nine Realms without the Asgardians being able to use the Bifrost." Feige also said that while Loki has a part, "there will be a different villain, another big villain". In May 2012,
Mads Mikkelsen began talks to play one of the villains in the film and
Anthony Hopkins, who played Odin in the first film, committed to returning in the sequel.
Benedict Cumberbatch, who eventually joined the film series as
Stephen Strange / Doctor Strange, was also in the running to play Malekith the Accursed. At the end of the month, Disney moved up the release date for the film a week ahead of the previous date to November 8, 2013. By June 2012, much of the first film's supporting cast was confirmed to return, including
Idris Elba,
Jaimie Alexander,
Ray Stevenson and
Stellan Skarsgård. Also in June,
Joshua Dallas announced that he would not be reprising the role of
Fandral. Dallas had initially intended to return, but had to bow out due to his commitment on the television show,
Once Upon a Time (2011–2018), and
Zachary Levi was cast in his place. Levi was originally up for the role in the first film but scheduling conflicts with
Chuck (2007–2012) forced him to drop out. In July 2012, Mikkelsen stated he would not be appearing in the sequel due to prior commitments, "That's not happening unfortunately. I had a meeting with [the filmmakers], but it was a bit too late and then
Hannibal came in...It's just not happening". At the 2012
San Diego Comic-Con, it was announced that the film would be titled
Thor: The Dark World. At the end of the month, residents near
Bourne Wood in
Surrey, England were notified that a film going by the
working title,
Thursday Mourning would be filming in the area. In August of that year,
Christopher Eccleston entered final negotiations to play Malekith, and the film was scheduled to shoot in
Iceland, where Taylor shot parts of
Game of Thrones. By August 22,
Kat Dennings was hired to reprise her role as Darcy Lewis and
Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje was cast as
Algrim. At the end of the month, film crews for
Thursday Mourning began set construction at
Stonehenge near
Amesbury, England.
Filming ,
Surrey, England
Principal photography began on September 10, 2012, in Bourne Wood, Surrey, England, under the working title
Thursday Mourning. A few weeks later,
Clive Russell was cast as
Tyr, and
Richard Brake was cast as an
Einherjar captain. At the end of the month, Jaimie Alexander was injured on the London film set, after she slipped while walking in the rain. On October 12, 2012, production moved to Iceland with filming taking place in Dómadalur,
Skógafoss,
Fjaðrárgljúfur and
Skeiðarársandur.
Iceland Review described the shoot as being among the most extensive film projects to have ever taken place in Iceland. The film's official synopsis was released, which revealed that
Christopher Yost and
Christopher Markus and Stephen McFeely had also contributed to the screenplay. Markus and McFeely said Feige had approached them in between writing drafts for
Captain America: The Winter Soldier (2014) to work on the
Dark World script. Three days later, Disney announced that the film would be released in
3D. In late October, filming commenced at the
Old Royal Naval College in
Greenwich, London. Filming also took place at
Shepperton Studios and
Longcross Studios in Surrey between October and December 2012. Other filming locations included
Wembley,
Borough Market,
Hayes and Stonehenge. Alexander
tweeted that principal photography wrapped on December 14, 2012. In a 2013 report on film production costs for films from FilmL.A. Inc., indicated a gross budget of $170 million, with a UK tax offset of $17.3 million for
Thor: The Dark World. In 2016 Disney company accounts stated the budget spend was $237.6 million on
Thor: The Dark World but $37 million of this was offset by payments from the UK tax authority. Kramer Morgenthau, who worked with Taylor on
Game of Thrones, was brought in as the
director of photography. Morgenthau said, "We wanted a grittier, boots-on-the-ground feeling, inspired by what Alan and I had done on
Game of Thrones. We wanted the realms to feel grounded, like a real place, while at the same time respecting the magical 'planet of the Gods' feeling and theme."
Thor: The Dark World was Morgenthau's first time shooting a feature film digitally. For the film, Morgenthau chose the
Arri Alexa Plus, although he tested with the
Sony F65 but found the Alexa to be more pleasing. In addition to the Alexa,
Red Epic and
Canon EOS 5D Mark II cameras were used for
second unit filming. With the Alexa, Morgenthau used
Panavision anamorphic lenses. Morgenthau said, "The lenses brought some of the magic and mystery of photochemical back to digital, that big-movie look." Morgenthau also stated that
Thor: The Dark World was easily the most technically complex project that he has worked on but said, "It's all the same concept and the same principles as in a smaller film. You just scale it up. You do a lot more prep. We had three months of prep and loads of time to pre-rig stages. Part of it is having a really good crew—it's definitely not a one-man show."
Post-production In April 2013, McFeely said that "a lot" of writers had contributed to the film's script, and he and Markus were uncertain if they would receive final screenwriting credit on the film; Markus and McFeely along with Yost received final screenwriting credit, with Payne and Rodat receiving story credit. In July 2013, Dennings told reporters that the film was about to head into
reshoots. In August, Taylor said he shot extra scenes with Hiddleston and was about to shoot more with Hopkins. Taylor explained that it was all a part of the "Marvel process" saying, "We're doing full scenes, scenes that were not in the movie before. We're adding scenes, creating scenes, writing scenes for the first time. The one [involving Loki] was a fun connective scene... We realised how well Loki was working in the movie, and we wanted to do more with him. So it was that kind of thing, it was like, 'Oh, we could do this, we could jam this in here' because he's such a wonderful guy to watch do his stuff." Also in August,
IMAX Corporation and Marvel Entertainment announced that the film would be digitally re-mastered into the
IMAX 3D format and released into IMAX 3D theaters internationally beginning October 30, 2013. Taylor said
The Avengers writer/director
Joss Whedon rewrote several scenes in the film explaining, "Joss came in to save our lives a couple of times. We had a major scene that was not working on the page at all in London, and he basically got airlifted in, like a SWAT team or something. He came down, rewrote the scene, and before he got back to his plane I sort of grabbed him and said, 'And this scene and this scene?' And he rewrote two other scenes that I thought had problems." In October 2013,
Tony Curran tweeted that he would be portraying Odin's father,
Bor, in a flashback sequence. In November 2013, Feige stated that the film was intended to be the conclusion of the "Loki trilogy", which examined the relationship of Thor and Loki throughout
Thor,
The Avengers and this film. Loki was originally intended to die in the film, however, after test audiences did not believe he was actually dead, Marvel Studios decided to alter the character's ending. The film's
mid-credits scene was directed by
James Gunn, the director of Marvel Studios'
Guardians of the Galaxy (2014). The film underwent multiple changes during the reshoots and editing process, with Taylor believing his initial version "had more childlike wonder", including starting the film with children, and an overall "more magical quality". He noted the reshoots "inverted" the original plot in certain ways, such as Loki no longer dying. The film's visual effects were completed by seven visual effects studios, including
Double Negative and
Luma Pictures. Blur Studio was the main visual effects studio behind the film's prologue sequence taking place 5,000 years before the start of the film, on the Dark Elves homeworld of
Svartalfheim. The sequence consisted mostly of computer graphics with live-action shots interwoven throughout. The use of CGI allowed for greater freedom of movement by the characters as the live-action costumes were too constrictive. Taylor wanted Asgard in this film to have a more natural look than its predecessor. To achieve this, crews filmed the coast of Norway with an Arri Alexa camera for three days in a helicopter, capturing six hours of footage. Double Negative then embedded their CG rendering of Asgard on shots of the natural landscape. Double Negative visual effects supervisor Alex Wuttke said, "The benefit of that is that you have some real-world terrain to work with – so you have buildings that have to convey natural features. Then from there we went in there populating the terrain with different buildings." For scenes taking place on Svartalfheim, production filmed in Iceland with Double Negative adding ruins, mountains, Dark Elf ships, and skies. For the shot of the levitating truck, which was used in the film to demonstrate the strange phenomena brought on by the coming of the alignment of the worlds, filmmakers attached a cement truck to a large hydraulic rig, which could be programmed to change speed and movement. In order to create Algrim's transformation into Kurse, Double Negative morphed live-action performances of Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje as both Algrim and Kurse. Double Negative then added in smoke and lava-like effects. The film's climactic battle sequence takes place through the nine worlds by the use of portals. Visual effects supervisor Jake Morrison said, "We ended up calling this 'time toffee', so as you punch through from one realm to another it's almost like cling film or a slightly gelatinous membrane you have to pass through. It bends a little bit then rips and spits the person out. The other thing we wanted to do was to make sure it was quite fast from an editorial point of view. In the fight scenes there are times when Thor and Malekith are portaling all over the place, quite frankly. We made sure we always kept up the momentum and never stopped the fight. It was a way of making sure the audience weren't conscious there was an effect going on." ==Music==