MarketThe Return of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre
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The Return of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre

The Return of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre, later released as Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation, is a 1995 American black comedy slasher film written, co-produced, and directed by Kim Henkel in his directorial debut, and starring Renée Zellweger, Matthew McConaughey, and Robert Jacks. It is the fourth installment in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre film series. The plot follows four teenagers who encounter Leatherface and his murderous family in backwoods Texas on the night of their prom. It features cameo appearances from Marilyn Burns, Paul A. Partain, and John Dugan, all stars of the original film.

Plot
On May 22, 1996, 23 years after Leatherface's killing spree in 1973. Four teenagers—Barry, Heather, Jenny, and Sean—attend their school's prom in rural Texas. When Heather discovers Barry cheating on her with another girl, she storms out of the dance, followed closely by Barry, who tries to explain himself as they drive away in his car. Their argument is interrupted by Jenny and Sean, who are hiding in the backseat, smoking marijuana. Heather takes a detour off the freeway, and while distracted, collides with another motorist, who passes out in the ensuing confusion. Jenny, Heather, and Barry leave Sean to look after the unconscious motorist while they search for help. They stop at an office trailer, where they meet Darla, an insurance agent, who promises to call her boyfriend, a tow truck driver named Vilmer. They leave the office and begin heading back towards the wreck, only for Heather and Barry to become separated from Jenny in the darkness. Vilmer soon shows up at the scene of the wreck, killing the motorist, before chasing Sean in his truck and backing over him repeatedly. Meanwhile, Heather and Barry discover an old farmhouse in the woods. As Barry looks around, Heather is attacked by Leatherface on the porch swing and subsequently forced into a meat locker inside the house. One of Vilmer and Leatherface's family members, W. E., finds Barry and holds him at gunpoint before forcing him inside. Barry tricks W. E. and locks him out but while using the bathroom, Barry discovers a corpse in the bathtub. He is then killed by Leatherface with a sledgehammer. After killing Barry, Leatherface impales Heather on a meat hook. Jenny returns to the scene of the wreck, where she is met by Vilmer, who offers her a ride. She accepts, only for Vilmer to threaten her, before showing her the bodies of Sean and the motorist hanging in the truck bed. Jenny jumps out of the truck and runs into the woods. She is soon attacked by Leatherface, resulting in a lengthy chase through the farmhouse, where she finds several preserved corpses in an upstairs bedroom. After leaping through an upstairs window, Jenny manages to flee the property. She seeks refuge with Darla, who reveals herself to be in league with the killers when W. E. shows up and beats her with an electric cattle prod. The two put Jenny in Darla's trunk and she leaves to pick up some pizzas for dinner. After being tormented by Vilmer, Jenny momentarily escapes the house, attempting to drive off in Darla's car. She is stopped by Vilmer, who knocks her unconscious. She soon awakens at the dinner table, surrounded by the family, who reveal they are employed by a secret society to terrorize people that may cross their path. A sophisticated man named Rothman arrives unexpectedly, reprimanding Vilmer for his methods, before revealing an array of bizarre scarifications and piercings on his torso and licking Jenny’s face. After Rothman leaves, Vilmer flies into a rage, slashing himself with a razor and killing Heather by crushing her skull under his cybernetic leg, before knocking W. E. unconscious with a hammer. Vilmer and Leatherface prepare to kill Jenny, who breaks free and, using a remote control to manipulate Vilmer's leg, escapes. Jenny reaches a dirt road, where she is rescued by an elderly couple in an RV. However, Leatherface and Vilmer run them off the road, resulting in the RV falling on its side. Jenny emerges from the vehicle unscathed and continues running, with Leatherface and Vilmer in hot pursuit. A cropduster appears and swoops down on Vilmer, killing him when one of the wheels grazes his skull. Leatherface screams in anguish, while Jenny looks on. A limousine pulls up and Jenny jumps in the backseat, where she is met by Rothman, who apologizes, explaining her experience was supposed to be spiritual and Vilmer had to be stopped. He offers to take her to safety before dropping her off at a hospital, where she speaks to an officer. A blonde woman, being pushed by on a gurney, meets Jenny's gaze. Back on the dirt road, Leatherface continues to flail his chainsaw in despair. ==Cast==
Production
Development Henkel and producer Robert Kuhn optioned the project through Chuck Grigson, a trustee for the copyright owners of The Texas Chain Saw Massacre, and established their own independent production companies, Ultra Muchos and River City Films, to produce it. Henkel was initially reluctant to direct the film, commenting that, despite being comfortable working with the cast, "all the action and that stuff was something I didn't feel particularly good about...  Bob Kuhn bullied me into doing it, to tell you the truth—particularly the directing." On developing the film, Kuhn stated: In a 1996 documentary on the making of the film, Henkel stated that he wrote the characters as exaggerated "cartoonish" caricatures of quintessential American youth. Henkel cited the murder cases of serial killers Ed Gein and Elmer Wayne Henley as influences on his involvement in both The Return of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre and the original The Texas Chain Saw Massacre. Henkel also deliberately wrote themes of female empowerment into the script, specifically in the Jenny character, whose narrative arc begins with her turbulent home life and, through her endurance of further abuse at the hands of Leatherface and his family, emerges in the end as a "self-realized" individual. "It's her story. It's about her transformation, her refusal to shut up, to be silenced, to be victimized," said Henkel. "And by extension her refusal to be oppressed. Even by culture...  Bringing Jenny into a world in which the culture was grotesquely exaggerated was a way of bringing her to see her own world more clearly—that is to say, my intent was to present a nightmarish version of Jenny's world in the form of the Chainsaw family in order to enlarge her view of her own world." Commenting on the part, Zellweger said, "It's kind of a dark film. You have to take yourself to places you wouldn't like emotionally." At the time of auditioning for the film, McConaughey had recently completed filming Richard Linklater's film Dazed and Confused (1993). Henkel's production casting secretary read lines with McConaughey during his audition, and was so frightened by him that Henkel felt compelled to cast him. Tyler Cone was cast in the role of Barry at the recommendation of special effects designer J. M. Logan, of whom Cone was a close friend, Principal photography took place on location at an abandoned farmhouse in Pflugerville, Texas, and nearby Bastrop, beginning in August. The farmhouse had previously been used as a filming location for the films Red Headed Stranger (1986) and Flesh and Bone (1993). The high school scenes in the film's opening and hospital interiors in its conclusion were filmed at Pflugerville High School. The film was shot in mostly chronological order. Production designer Deborah Pastor acquired set dressings for the empty home by visiting local antique stores and a taxidermy shop, the latter of which donated leftover bones from animal carcasses that could be used to adorn the residence. The majority of filming took place at night, and the shoot was described by makeup artist J. M. Logan as "very, very rough for everyone." According to cinematographer Levie Issacks, despite mostly filming at night, the humidity and heat made working conditions uncomfortable. Numerous cast and crew members were affected by poison ivy while filming outdoor sequences on a ranch near the Lost Pines Forest. ==Music==
Music
(pictured in 2024) recorded a song for the film with its star, Robert Jacks Songs featured in the film: ==Release==
Release
Marketing To market the film, the filmmakers launched a website in 1995, selling merchandise including t-shirts, posters, and official scripts signed by Henkel.{{efn-lr|The film's original one-sheet from 1995 bears an official website URL in the bottom right corner. The website featured various merchandise to promote the film, ranging from scripts to t-shirts, posters, and other memorabilia. where it received "glowing reviews". A press review for Variety covering the premiere indicated that the cut screened at South by Southwest ran 102 minutes in length. and at the Boston Film Festival on September 18. CFP Distribution gave the film a limited test market release on September 22, 1995 in 27 U.S. theaters, Orlando, Florida; Madison, Wisconsin; and Portland, Oregon. It was screened locally in Austin at the Dobie Theatre beginning on October 27. Re-release and legal disputes In October 1995, Columbia TriStar Pictures acquired home video distribution rights to the film at a cost of $1.3 million. As part of their acquisition, the studio also agreed to give the film a wide theatrical release, with 1,000 prints to be made and no less than $500,000 invested in marketing and advertising. In early 1996, Columbia TriStar exhibited trailers for the film advertising it as a coming attraction. The release was intended to occur in July 1996, but was postponed to January 1997. and re-edit it, excising a total of seven minutes from the previously released version. A significant sequence in which Jenny is abused by her stepfather in the film's opening scene was eliminated in the edit, and the original title card dating the events of the film on May 22, 1994 was updated to May 22, 1996. Numerous other minor changes were made in the editing process, mainly consisting of slight trims and re-ordering of scenes. Despite Columbia TriStar's editorial involvement, it was reported by Variety in August 1997 that Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation would be distributed again by CFP Distribution under their newly formed Avalanche Films banner. CFP released the film over Labor Day weekend in 23 theaters across 20 U.S. cities on August 29, 1997, It was subsequently released in several Canadian provinces through the fall of 1997. Following the film's second release, Grigson voluntarily dismissed his original lawsuit after Columbia TriStar sought to enforce the distribution agreement's arbitration clause. In a 1996 interview, McConaughey denied that he ever wished to conceal his work in the film, commenting, "I'm not embarrassed by it at all. It was fun and honest work at a time when I was trying to figure out how feature films are made and how different directors deal constructively with actors. It was back when we were working 15 hours a day for $300 a week, and I wouldn't trade for the experience." Kuhn further stated that he felt Columbia TriStar had deliberately delayed the film's wide release to await the premiere of Zellweger's new film, Jerry Maguire (1996). Zellweger responded to Kuhn's statements in May 1997, stating that it "hurt [her] feelings" and added: "I don't have the power to do something like that, even if I wanted to...  I kind of liked the movie. It was a great experience." Producer Kuhn subsequently had approximately 10,000 VHS tapes produced for North American video store rentals and sales, but the release of these was aborted following Columbia TriStar's acquisition of the film and subsequent re-edit and title change. Columbia Tristar Home Video released the film on VHS in the United States on February 24, 1998, before reissuing it in September 1998 for the Halloween season. A DVD release from Columbia TriStar followed on July 13, 1999. The Columbia Tristar DVD was reissued with new cover artwork in 2003. In 2001, Lionsgate, who purchased CFP Distribution shortly after the film's 1997 theatrical run, released the film on DVD in Canada; the Canadian release featured a 94-minute cut of the film. In June 2018, Scream Factory announced a forthcoming Collector's Edition Blu-ray, slated for a September 25, 2018 release. On July 10, 2018, the horror media website Bloody Disgusting reported that the release had to be delayed due to the proposed artwork, which had originally featured stars Zellweger and McConaughey, whose images were to be removed due to licensing issues. The Blu-ray was ultimately released on December 11, 2018. ==Reception==
Reception
Box office During the film's original theatrical run beginning in September 1995, it earned $28,235 during its opening weekend across 27 theaters, and went on to gross a total of $44,272 by the conclusion of its theatrical exhibition. The 1997 revised version of the film (as Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation) earned $53,111 on 23 screens between August 29 and September 1, 1997, ranking number 23 at the U.S. box office. After 17 weeks of domestic distribution, the film concluded its second theatrical run with total earnings of $141,626. , it is the poorest-performing film in The Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchise. Critical response The Return of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre received mixed to negative reviews from film critics. Initial reaction Reviewing the film after its screening at the Boston Film Festival in 1995, Betsy Sherman of The Boston Globe described it as a "shameless rehash" of the original, adding: "Henkel's idea of an imaginative stroke is to put [Leatherface] in red lipstick and black widow drag. No thanks, Julie Newmar." Natasha Kassulke of the Wisconsin State Journal was similarly unimpressed by the film, feeling its dark comedy was poorly executed, as well as criticizing it for its lack of gore. Alternately, critic Joe Bob Briggs championed the film upon its South by Southwest screening, referring to it as "a flick so terrifying and brilliant that it makes the other two Chainsaw sequels seem like 'After-School Specials'" and declared it the best horror film of the 1990s. Joe Leydon of Variety wrote that the film "manages the difficult feat of being genuinely scary and sharply self-satirical all at once...  it is adept at keeping its audience in a constant state of jumpiness." He also praised cinematographer Levie Isaacks' camerawork, Sandra Adair's editing, and Deborah Pastor's production design for lending the film the "feel of a wide-awake nightmare," as well as lauding Zellweger's lead performance, calling her "the most formidable scream queen since Jamie Lee Curtis went legit." He went on to declare that director Henkel "has probably come as close as anyone could to putting a nightmare on film." The Atlanta Journals Steve Murray similarly praised the film's comedic tone, observing that "the heart of the film is its raucous homicidal family, a comically feuding group so dysfunctional they sometimes forget to get on with the job of slaughter," and awarding the film a two and a half out of four-star rating. Re-release reviews Upon the film's 1997 release, many of the critical reviews focused on the lead performances of Zellweger and McConaughey, who had garnered significant fame in the interim. Janet Maslin of The New York Times wrote: "It was way back in 1995 that this schlocky horror farce, then known as Return of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre, first appeared with the unknown actors Matthew McConaughey and Renee Zellweger in starring roles. But even in a film whose principal props include litter, old pizza slices and a black plastic trash bag, it's clear that these two were going places." Rob Patterson of the Austin American-Statesman awarded the film three out of four stars and praised the performances, noting: "Everyone here certainly pushes at the ceiling of near-absurdity, yet The Next Generation never quite goes over the top." Terry Lawson of the Detroit Free Press similarly championed the lead performances of Zellweger and McConaughey, but expressed disappointment in the "men in black" subplot and that writer-director Henkel "turns poor Leatherface into a whimpering drag queen." The New York Daily News also noted that "Zellweger impresses in her strenuous, scream-driven turn as Jenny," as well as praising the performances of McConaughey and Tonie Perenski. Joe Leydon, who previously reviewed the film during its 1995 release for Variety, was critical of the revised cut of the film, specifically its elimination of the opening sequence in which Jenny is abused by her stepfather, describing it as "a pity, because, as the original version of the film makes clear, after Jenny’s altercations with sexual predators in her own home, it would take something a lot more formidable than some masked doofus with a chain saw to keep her intimidated for long." while Owen Gleiberman wrote in Entertainment Weekly that it "recapitulates the absurdist tabloid-redneck comedy of the great, original Chainsaw without a hint of its primal terror," and likened McConaughey's performance to "the worst" of Dennis Hopper and Woody Harrelson. Margaret McGurk of The Cincinnati Enquirer also remarked the film's muddled narrative, writing: "The script, such as it is, establishes a new benchmark for incoherence. Something about some teens who wander away on prom night and run up against a family of psycho-cannibal-thrill-killers...  Of course, there is no point to any of it, either the humor or the creepy (though relatively bloodless) mayhem—except maybe the permanent embarrassment of poor Matthew [McConaughey] and Renée [Zellweger]." John Anderson of the Los Angeles Times wrote that the film was "neither innovative enough nor scary enough nor funny enough to sustain itself" and described it as the kind that "Wes Craven's Scream has now rendered virtually defunct...  What we want from Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation is a giddy mix of gruesome horror and campy humor. What we get is less massacre than mess." The Hollywood Reporters Dave Hunter similarly noted the film as being "blackly comic and extreme," The Ann Arbor News echoed this sentiment, describing it as "a refreshingly berserk piece of work." Marjorie Baumgarten of The Austin Chronicle gave the film a favorable review, stating: "Writer-director Kim Henkel penned the original Chainsaw and this effort shows that he still has a felicitous grasp of the things that cause us to shudder in dread." The Fort Worth Star-Telegrams Michael H. Price awarded the film a favorable three out of five star-rating, commending Henkel for sustaining "a mood of raw anxiety throughout...  [his] mixture of scares and self-satire is rich." Accolades ==Analysis==
Analysis
Secret society subplot subplot that suggests a connection between the film's villains to a secret society also responsible for such events as the 1963 John F. Kennedy assassination in Dallas.|alt=John F. Kennedy Jr. and Jacqueline Kennedy as seen from above in their vehicle prior to his asssassination The Return of The Texas Chainsaw Massacre has been noted for its implementation of a secret society subplot driving Leatherface's family to terrorize civilians in order to provoke them to a level of transcendence. Commenting on the film's ominous Rothman character, Henkel stated that he "comes off more like the leader of some harum-scarum cult that makes a practice of bringing victims to experience horror on the pretext that it produces some sort of transcendent experience. Of course, it does produce a transcendent experience. Death is like that. But no good comes of it. You're tortured and tormented, and get the crap scared out of you, and then you die." Other references to the Illuminati are made in the film's dialogue, specifically in the scene in which Darla tells Jenny about the thousands-years-old secret society in control of the U.S. government, and makes reference to the Kennedy assassination. The tow truck driven by the Vilmer character in the film is also seen branded with the word "Illuminati" on the door. According to Henkel, his inspiration for this subplot was designed as a response to the desensitization of violence and death in the modern era: "The background to [these] particular characters' thinking is that what has occurred over time is the way which people die, the way people approach death, has been radically changed...  we are removed from the reality of it, the horror of it, because we're medicated, advances in medicine isolate and insulate us from it—and what we wanted to institute was a real confrontation with the horror of death." Critic Russell Smith noted this plot point in his 1995 review of the film, positing: "Could the unexplained "them" be an allusion to the insatiable horror audience that always makes these gorefests a good investment, or is it a cabal of governmental powermongers...?" Henkel's Butcher Boys was initially written as a sequel to The Texas Chain Saw Massacre. Parody and self-reference (left) led some to describe The Return of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre'' (right) as a quasi-remake of the original film. At the time of the film's initial release in 1995, it was noted among critics as a "sharp self-parody" of the original The Texas Chain Saw Massacre. Though sometimes billed as a sequel or direct sequel to the original film, it has also been described as a remake, as it features a similar structure and "shot-for-shot" recreations of scenes featured in the 1974 film. Henkel himself admitted that his approach "amounts to almost being a structural remake of the first film, with a new cast and characters." Writing for Tudum in a 2022 retrospective of the franchise, Reyna Cervantes observes that the film "blurs the line between reboot and parody." Unlike the previous films in the franchise, none of the characters in The Return of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre die by a chainsaw. Justin Yandell of Bloody Disgusting interprets the film as a cynical reimagining of the original film, with Henkel parodying his own work. He cites Leatherface's ineffectiveness at dispatching his victims as well as the archetypical teenage characters as evidence of the film being a commentary on the declining state of horror films in the late 1980s and early 1990s: Gender and sexuality Another element noted by both critics and film scholars is Leatherface's overt cross-dressing, which was briefly explored in the original film but implemented to a greater extent in this film. Robert Wilonsky of the Houston Press commented on the film's treatment of the character, writing that the film "turns Leatherface (here played by Robbie Jacks, an Austin songwriter who used to host a smacked-up radio show with Butthole Surfer Gibby Haynes) into a cross-dressing nancy boy who screams more than he saws." According to Henkel, he wrote the character as one who assumes the persona of the person whose face he wears: "The confused sexuality of the Leatherface character is complex and horrifying at the same time," he said in a 1996 interview. Film scholar Scott Von Doviak also took note of this, likening Leatherface's presentation in the film to that of a "tortured drag queen." Jacks himself stated that Leatherface is "much more subjugated in this one than in the other films. It's shown in this that he really is tortured in many ways, not specifically by any of the other characters, but also by whatever is own malady is." Henkel also commented that there are "strange sexual things that go on [in the screenplay]—not only Darla and Vilmer of course, but Darla and Jenny as well." ==Legacy==
Legacy
In the years since its release, Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Next Generation has gone on to develop a cult following. ==Related works==
Related works
The Return of the Texas Chainsaw Massacre was the last entry in the Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchise until the series was rebooted in 2003 with The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, a direct remake of the original 1974 film. The 2003 remake was followed by a prequel, The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning (2006). the documentary aired on Austin Community Access Cable Television on June 7, 1997. In 2016, Huberman made the documentary available for streaming on his official website. ==Notes==
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