Model M keyboard

The Model M keyboard was designed to be less expensive to produce than the Model F keyboard it replaced. Principal design work was done at IBM in 19831984, drawing on a wide range of user feedback, ergonomic studies, and examination of competing products. Its key layout, significantly different from the Model F's, owed much (including notably the inverted-T arrangement of its arrow keys) to the LK-201 keyboard shipped with the VT220 serial terminal. Production of Model M keyboards began in 1985. They were often bundled with new IBM computers. While today primarily associated with the IBM PC and its successors, it actually first shipped with the 3161 terminal. From 1986 the PC AT and PC XT shipped with the Model M. The keyboard was deployed across several other IBM product lines as well, notably including the 5250 terminal and the RS/6000. They were produced at IBM plants in Lexington, Kentucky; Greenock, Scotland; and Guadalajara, Mexico. The most common variant is the IBM Enhanced Keyboard identified by IBM assembly part number 1391401, the U.S. English layout keyboard bundled with the IBM Personal System/2. Until around 1993, most Model Ms included a coiled, detachable cable, with either an AT (pre-1987) or PS/2 connector, in 5- and 10-foot lengths (1.5 and 3 meters). From about 1994 onwards, flat non-detachable cables were used to reduce manufacturing costs; however, IBM retained its 101-key layout, never implementing the Microsoft Windows keys common on other keyboards after the release of Windows 95. In 2000, Unicomp designed a 104-key Model M with Windows keys, replicating the bottom row of other keyboards made by NMB and Chicony at the time, which was standardized by the OADG the same year. In 2013, this variant was discontinued in place of a variant that replicated Topre's Realforce 103U (released in 2007, itself a variation of the US national standard ANSI-INCITS 154-1988 (R1999)), with only one Windows key on the left, and a variant of this with its space bar shortened on the right-side to incorporate a second Windows key. On March 27, 1991, IBM divested a number of its hardware manufacturing operations, including keyboard production, forming Lexmark International. Lexmark continued manufacturing Model M keyboards in the United States, United Kingdom, and Mexico, with IBM as their major customer. Many of these keyboards are identified by IBM assembly part numbers 52G9658, 52G9700, 71G4644, 82G2383, and 42H1292, which were bundled with IBM PS/ValuePoint and IBM PC Series. Over the next four years, cost pressure led to several minor design changes intended to lower the part and fabrication costs of Lexmark Model Ms. The case and metal backplate were repeatedly lightened. The cable jack and detachable SDL cable were replaced with a fixed cable. Some variants were made with a single color for key legends. In 1995 Lexmark made the most sweeping design change in the Model M's history, altering the size and location of the internal controller board. While the new "press-fit" design successfully lowered manufacturing costs by eliminating the two ribbon cables and separate LED daughterboard of older versions, the controller's new card-edge connector proved to be a failure point that shortened the keyboard's average lifetime. The classic era of the Model M is generally considered to have ended with this change, though a few on the older pattern continued to be made at Greenock and Guadalajara until 1999. Relatively few press-fit model Ms have survived. During the Lexmark years, a few Model M variants were manufactured with rubber-dome key switches rather than buckling springs. Due to these switches' comparatively short durability, few of these variants have survived. Despite their rarity, today's enthusiasts and collectors do not value them nearly as highly as the more common buckling-spring variants. A five-year agreement obligating IBM to purchase nearly all of its keyboards from Lexmark expired on March 27, 1996. Lexmark exited the keyboard business, selling related assets to IBM and Maxi Switch. When Lexmark discontinued keyboard production in April 1996, IBM continued producing buckling-spring Model M's in Scotland until 1999. Maxi Switch purchased assets for rubber-dome keyboards and the Lexmark Select-Ease Keyboard (model M15), including a buckling-spring switch patent. They continued to manufacture the IBM Enhanced Keyboard with TrackPoint II (model M13) in Mexico until 1998. Some of Lexmark's keyboard manufacturing assets were also sold to a group of Lexmark employees, who formed Unicomp helped keep a market for vintage Model Ms thriving. In 2020 Unicomp replaced its tooling and shipped a "New Model M" with noticeably improved build quality that more closely resembles the classic 1391401 (though with a 104- or 103-key layout and USB); many older variants are no longer sold on Unicomp's website and some still on sale have been deprecated. == Variations ==

The Model M's numerous variations (referred to as "part numbers") incorporated alternative features and/or colors. One of the more sought after variants of the Model M keyboard is the Space Saving Keyboard, which integrates the number pad into the keyboard's main section, substantially reducing its width. The Space Saving Keyboard is likely the origin of the keyboard layout that is generally known as a "Tenkeyless keyboard." IBM released the standard and Space Saving Model M's in an alternative 'gray/pebble' color for use with their Industrial computers, designed to conceal discoloration from handling in production environments. Other variable features include a grounded spacebar and, on some later models, drainage holes to deter damage from spilled liquids. IBM Model M Space Saving Keyboard.png|IBM model M Space Saving keyboard Industrial variant IBM Model M13.png|IBM Model M13 'black' variant featuring the optional black trackpoint cap IBM Model M5-2.png|IBM Model M5-2, featuring a purple trackball and alternative 'RGB' keys from Unicomp IBM model M2 for Sweden and Finland.jpg|IBM Model M2, Part no. 1395713, manufactured 1992 The M2 was a late Lexmark variation issued under cost pressure from competing rubber-dome keyboards. Some revisions used rubber-dome switches; others retained buckling springs. All had a much thinner, lighter case and discarded the metal backplate. It can easily be distinguished from the original Model M design by its flat, unsculpted front case section; also the manufacturing label, if present, says "M2" rather than "M." M2s were poorly fabricated and notoriously unreliable; comparatively few survived into the 21st century, and Model M enthusiasts do not value them. The M2 should in turn be distinguished from the M5, another Lexmark variant which returned to the rugged Model M case/backplate construction but added a built-in trackball; and those two from the M13, which was also built like rugged Model Ms but featured a pointing stick. The M5 and M13 designs are still carried by Unicomp in 2021 under the names Trackball Classic and Endura Pro. == Design ==

The variant most commonly referred to as "Model M" is Part No. 1391401, on which many other variants were based. This model, known as the Enhanced Keyboard, included IBM's patented buckling spring design and swappable keycaps. The Model M's design has been widely described as reliable, and the design has not changed significantly over time. Thanks to the M's design, including its heavy steel backplate and strong plastic frame, many early Model M Keyboards are still functional four decades past release. The Model M's buckling spring key design specification gives it a unique feel and sound. Unlike more common and lower-end rubber dome designs, buckling springs give users a notable tactile and auditory feedback. Because of its more defined touch, some users report they can type faster and more accurately on the Model M than on other keyboards. Additionally, many model M enthusiasts believe that tactile-feedback keyboards like the Model M reduce stress on the hands, preventing or even reversing repetitive strain injury. Significant pressure is required to press the keys, and a pronounced sound results to help typists previously trained on typewriters who had become accustomed to that level of feedback. This resulted in the Model M sometimes being referred to as the "clicky keyboard." Until the late fourth-generation variants, most Model Ms were manufactured with a 1.25" slotted, circular speaker grille in their bottom surfaces. Relatively few contain an actual speaker, however, which was useful only for sounding beep codes on older terminal systems. The most common P/Ns with speakers are 1394540 and 51G872, made for RS/6000 UNIX workstations. Model Ms have been manufactured to quite a number of different interface and connector standards, some of which (such as the 5-pin DIN used on 5250 terminals) are poorly documented and have had to be reverse-engineered by enthusiasts. Early variants shipped with the PC XT and AT used connectors specific to those systems. After the introduction of the PS/2 most shipped with a connector for a PS/2 port; these included the 1391401. Unicomp introduced support for USB. Older model Ms used a detachable cable utilizing SDL. Later Lexmark and Unicomp variants used a fixed cable. == Features by part number ==

Layout types: • 84 – Tenkeyless version of the 101-key ANSI layout. • 87 – Tenkeyless version of the 104-key ANSI layout. • 101 – ANSI layout, the model M's original. • 102 – International layout with additional key between Z and a half-sized left shift, AltGr in place of right Alt, usually with ISO-style long Enter. • 103 – ANSI layout with one Super key and one Menu key, long spacebar. • 104 – ANSI layout plus two Windows keys and one Menu key, short spacebar. • 122 – IBM terminal layout with extra function keys and left-side function pad. Logo position legend: • LC – Left Corner • RC – Right Corner • LLC – Lower Left Corner • LRC – Lower Right Corner • ULC – Upper Left Corner • URC – Upper Right Corner • LLP – Lock-Light Panel Note: Manufacture dates are approximate. == Gallery ==

IBM Model M 1391403 keyboard.jpg|1995 IBM Model M (P/N 1391403) (German) 1394542 Model M 2.jpg|1994 IBM Model M (P/N 1394542) label Blake Patterson IBM Model M Keyboard space saver 1.jpg|1987 IBM Model M Space Saving Keyboard P/N 1391472 (no numpad) with SDL to USB adapter UnicompCustomizer-Classic104Key.jpg|2012 Unicomp Classic 104 (P/N UNI044A) IBM 1390572 keyboard 01.jpg|IBM Model M keyboard, part number 1390572 IBM 1394100 keyboard.jpg|IBM Model M keyboard, part number 1394100 Unicomp classic 101 keyboard.jpg|Unicomp classic 101 == See also ==