Priority urbanization area

, where the street is merely a muddy path., illustrating the need for post-war reconstruction. Urban development between the world wars primarily occurred through suburban housing estates, subdivided and sold by speculators. These developments often suffered from limited scale, poor integration with urban plans established under the 1919 and 1924 laws, and inadequate infrastructure, resulting in makeshift constructions by low-income populations. Post-World War II, France faced a severe housing crisis. Of the 12.6 million housing units in 1946, one-third were overcrowded, and half lacked running water. In Paris, 42% of residents lived in substandard or overcrowded conditions. The crisis was exacerbated by the destruction of approximately homes during the war, coupled with population growth from the rural flight, the baby boom, and the arrival of immigrant populations and repatriates from Algeria. The push for new housing led to a steady increase in France's housing stock, growing from 18.2 million units in 1968 to 21.078 million in 1975, 23.7 million in 1982, 26.2 million in 1990, and 28.7 million in 1999. ZUPs significantly contributed to this growth, providing millions of people access to modern amenities. == Definition and implementation ==

The ZUP framework was established by Decree No. 58-1464 on . It aimed to facilitate the rapid development of new urban areas by planning and financing housing and community infrastructure in "municipalities or agglomerations where the scale of housing construction programs necessitates the creation, reinforcement, or expansion of collective facilities." The goal was to address housing shortages driven by population growth, improve urban planning, and eliminate substandard housing. ZUPs enabled the swift equipping of land designated for new urban projects. The responsible local authority, often a commune or the state, partnered with a public entity or a mixed economy company to expropriate land, develop infrastructure, and sell it to developers. Funding was partially provided by the state, with the local prefect approving key elements such as master plans and programs. To maximize construction efforts, ZUPs required a minimum of housing units, though most exceeded this threshold. Between 1957 and 1969, 197 ZUPs were developed, resulting in 2.2 million housing units. In Dunkirk, heavily impacted by wartime destruction, local officials secured the creation of one of the first ZUPs in 1959 at "Nouvelles Synthes," alongside the development of a large industrial-port zone to accommodate major industries like Usinor Dunkerque. However, the large housing estate model quickly revealed its limitations. Despite intentions to avoid creating dormitory towns, ZUPs often resulted in standardized architecture (notably the "crane path" design) and a predominance of social housing. Recognizing these shortcomings, ZUPs were replaced by (ZACs) under the Land Planning Law of 1967. After 1969, no new ZUPs could be created, and existing ones were either phased out or transitioned to other planning mechanisms. In the 1970s, France shifted to a new towns policy, aiming to create fully functional cities rather than mere planned neighborhoods. A notable exception is the ZUP of Les Ulis in Essonne, established in 1960, which became an independent municipality in 1977. == ZUPs in France ==

Below is a non-exhaustive list of ZUPs, organized by region. In 1959, two ZUPs were created in French Algeria, in the city of Algiers: • Les Annassers • Rouiba-Reghaia These projects were abandoned in 1962 following Algerian independence. === Alsace === , a prominent ZUP. • Europe, Colmar (Haut-Rhin): Established in 1960, with housing units built from 1959. Architect-urbanist: Charles-Gustave Stoskopf. • Les Coteaux, Mulhouse (Haut-Rhin), commonly called the "ZUP de Mulhouse": Established in 1960, with housing units. Architect-urbanist: Marcel Lods. • Volgelsheim, near Neuf-Brisach (Haut-Rhin): Established in 1966. • Hautepierre, Strasbourg (Bas-Rhin): Established in 1964, with housing units built from 1964 to 1981. Architect-urbanists: Pierre Vivien. === Aquitaine === • Sainte-Croix/Saint-Esprit, Bayonne: housing units built from 1963 to 1974. Architect-urbanist: Marcel Breuer. • Biscarrosse (Landes): Established in 1964. • Hauts de Garonne, Cenon (Palmer district), Floirac, and Lormont (Genicart district), on the right bank of the Garonne, in the Bordeaux agglomeration: housing units built from 1960 to 1975. Architect-urbanists: Jean Fayeton and Francisque Perrier. • Tourasse-Buros, Pau: Architect-urbanist: André Remondet. • Thouars, Talence and Villenave-d'Ornon, Bordeaux agglomeration: Established in 1961. === Auvergne === • Les-Cézeaux-Les-Landais, Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme): Established in 1960. • Croix de Neyrat and Flamina, Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme): Established in 1965. • La Plaine, Clermont-Ferrand (Puy-de-Dôme): Established in 1960. • Champins, Moulins (Allier): Established in 1967. • Guitard, Le Puy-en-Velay (Haute-Loire): Established in 1967. === Burgundy === • Saint-Pantaléon, Autun (Saône-et-Loire): Established in 1964, with housing units. • Sainte-Geneviève, Auxerre (Yonne): Established in 1960, with housing units. • Mignottes, Migennes, near Auxerre (Yonne): Established in 1966. • Derrière-Cluny, Beaune (Côte-d'Or): Established in 1966. • Prés-Saint-Jean, Chalon-sur-Saône (Saône-et-Loire): Established in 1966, completed in 1979, with housing units. Architect-urbanist: Daniel Petit. • Le Mail, Chenôve, near Dijon (Côte-d'Or): Established in 1960, with housing units built from 1960 to 1969. Architect-urbanist: Henri-Jean Calsat. • Fontaine d'Ouche, Dijon (Côte-d'Or): Established in 1962, with housing units. • Nord, Mâcon-Flacé (Saône-et-Loire): Established in 1962. • L'Etang-du-Plessis, Montceau-les-Mines (Saône-et-Loire): Established in 1966. • Grahuches, now Champs-Plaisants, Sens (Yonne): Established in 1960. === Brittany === . • Bellevue (B2 or Brest 2), now Bellevue, Brest: housing units built from 1958 to 1977, housing residents. Architect-urbanist: Henry Auffret. See Canton de Brest-Bellevue. • Zone Nord, now Ker-huel, Lannion (Côtes-d'Armor): Established 1962–1971, with housing units. Architect-urbanist: Michel Marty. • Kervénanec, Lorient and Ploemeur: Established in 1962, built from 1966 to 1976. Architect-urbanist: André Schmitz. • Maurepas, Rennes: housing units, built from 1955 to 1966. Architect-urbanists: Jean-Michel Legrand and Jacques Rabinel. • Villejean-Malifeu, Rennes: Established in 1959, with housing units built from 1963 to 1975. Architect-urbanist: Louis Arretche. • Blosne, also ZUP Sud, Rennes, in the Le Blosne and Bréquigny districts: Established between 1959 and 1975, with housing units. Architect-urbanist: Michel Marty. • Kermoysan, Quimper: Established in 1962, built from 1960 to 1977. Architect-urbanist: Henry Auffret. • Plateau-Central, Saint-Brieuc: Established in 1960. • La-Croix-Saint-Lambert, Saint-Brieuc: Established in 1967. • Ménimur, Vannes: Established in 1966. Architect-urbanist: Henry Auffret. === Centre-Val de Loire === . • Nord, also "quartiers nord," Blois: Established on , with housing units and residents. • Gibjoncs, northern districts, Bourges: Established in 1960, with housing units built from 1961 to 1976. Architect-urbanist: Guy Pison. • Madeleine, Chartres (Eure-et-Loir): Established in 1964. Architect-urbanist: Henri-Pierre Maillard. • Champ-Auger (ZUP No. 1) or Saint-Jean, Châteauroux (Indre): Established in 1961, with housing units built from 1961 to 1972. Architect-urbanist: Jean-Pierre Allain. • Chemin du Grand Poirier (ZUP No. 2), Châteauroux (Indre): housing units built from 1966 to 1975. Architect-urbanist: Jean Lasry. • Chaussée, Montargis: Established in 1962. • Fleury-les-Aubrais, Orléans agglomeration (Loiret): Established in 1960. Architect-urbanist: Jean Bossu. • Argonne, Orléans: Established in 1960. • La Rabière, Joué-lès-Tours (Indre-et-Loire): Established in 1960, with housing units. Architect-urbanist: Jacques Poirrier. • Vallée du Cher (ZUP No. 1), Tours and Saint-Pierre-des-Corps: Established in 1967, with housing units, now the Fontaines and Rochepinard districts. Architect-urbanists: Joël Hardion and Pierre Dalloz. • Clos-du-Roy, Vierzon (Cher): Established in 1967. === Champagne-Ardenne === . • Corvées, Chalons-sur-Marne/Saint-Memmie: Established in 1962. • Ronde-Couture, Charleville-Mézières (Ardennes), formerly Mohon: Established in 1963, with residents. Architect-urbanist: Michel Folliasson. • La Citadelle, Charleville-Mézières (Ardennes): Established in 1960. • La Rochotte, Chaumont (Haute-Marne): Established in 1965. • Mont-Bernon, Épernay (Marne): Established in 1963. Architect-urbanists: Michel Andrault and Pierre Parat. • Laon-Neufchâtel, now Orgeval district, Reims (Marne): Established in 1960, with housing units from 1960. • Bocquaine, now Châtillons district, Reims (Marne): Established in 1963, with housing units built from 1966 to 1970. Architect-urbanists: Tremblot and Clauzier. • Orzy, Revin (Ardennes): Established in 1959, with residents. • Saint-Dizier (Haute-Marne), now Le Vert-Bois-Le Grand Lachat: Established in 1967. • La Chapelle-Saint-Luc-Les Noës-près-Troyes, Troyes agglomeration (Aube): Established in 1963. Architect-urbanist: Michel Colle. • Prairie, Sedan (Ardennes): Established in 1960, now Lac district, with residents. • Torcy-cités, Sedan (Ardennes): residents. • Vitry-Nord, Vitry-le-François (Marne): Established in 1962, built from 1966. === Franche-Comté === district in Besançon. • Résidences Bellevue, Belfort: Established in 1959, with housing units built from 1959 to 1970. Architect-urbanist: Jean Fayeton. • Avenue-d'Altkirch, Belfort: Established in 1963. • Planoise, Besançon (Doubs): Established in 1962, with housing units built from 1960 to 1977, housing over residents. Architect-urbanist: Maurice Novarina. • Saint-Ylie, now Mesnils Pasteur, Dole (Jura): Established in 1962, with housing units built from 1962 to 1978. Architect-urbanist: Maurice Novarina. • Petite-Hollande, Montbéliard (Doubs): Established in 1963. === Île-de-France === The ZUP procedure was applied to 22 sites in the region between 1958 and 1969, covering (roughly half the area of Paris) to create housing units. With the exception of Seine-et-Marne, the departments listed below, established under the law of , did not exist when most ZUPs were created. ==== Seine-et-Marne ==== • Plaine du Lys, Dammarie-lès-Lys: housing units built from 1959 to 1970. Architect-urbanist: Louis Arretche. • Beauval, Meaux: housing units built from 1960 to 1968. Architect-urbanist: Marcel Lods. • L'Almont, Melun: housing units built from 1962 to 1976. Architect-urbanist: Léon Bazin. • Surville, Montereau-Fault-Yonne: housing units built from 1961 to 1972. Architect-urbanist: Xavier Arsène-Henry. • Mont-Saint-Martin, Nemours: social housing units built from 1963 to 1981. Architect-urbanist: Henri-Jean Calsat. ==== Yvelines ==== • Le Val-Fourré, Mantes-la-Jolie: housing units built from 1959 to 1977. Architect-urbanists: Raymond Lopez, Henri Longepierre, and M. Gojard. • Bel-Air, Saint-Germain-en-Laye: Established in 1965, with housing units. • Sartrouville: Established in 1964. Architect-urbanist: Roland Dubrulle. • Vélizy-Villacoublay (initially planned to include Meudon, Jouy-en-Josas, Clamart, and Bièvres in 1959, but only Vélizy was realized): Built from 1961 to 1967 (decree of ). Architect-urbanists: Robert Auzelle, Ivan Jankovic, and Alain Gillot. ==== Essonne ==== , designed by architect Robert Camelot. • Villaine, Massy and Antony (Hauts-de-Seine): Established in 1959, with housing units built from 1962 to 1968. Architect-urbanists: Louis de Hoym de Marien, Pierre Sonrel, and Jean Duthilleul. • Les Ulis, Bures-sur-Yvette and Orsay, becoming an independent municipality in 1977: Established in 1960, built from 1963 to 1979. Architect-urbanists: François Prieur and Robert Camelot, later Georges-Henri Pingusson (1967–1969). ==== Hauts-de-Seine ==== • Gennevilliers, now Luth district: Established in 1965. Architect-urbanists: C. Auzolle and Otello Zavaroni. • Meudon-la-Forêt, Meudon: Established in 1959. ==== Seine-Saint-Denis ==== • Sablons, Bobigny: Established in 1967. Architect-urbanist: Raymond Lopez. • Intercommunal ZUP of Aulnay-sous-Bois, Sevran, Tremblay-en-France, Villepinte, and Mitry-Mory (Seine-et-Marne), covering : Established in 1960. Architect-urbanists: Michel Colle, Paul Herbé, and Jean Le Couteur. Reduced to specific projects, including Centre-Ville in Tremblay-en-France ( housing units from 1960 to 1975) and Rose des Vents in Aulnay-sous-Bois (1969–1970). ==== Val-de-Marne ==== • New Créteil, Créteil (and parts of Bonneuil-sur-Marne and Maisons-Alfort): housing units built from 1961 to 1974. Architect-urbanists: Jean Fayeton and Michel Folliasson, later Pierre Dufau (from 1967). • La Plaine, now Val de Fontenay, Fontenay-sous-Bois: Established in 1960. Architect-urbanist: Marcel Lods. • Vitry-sur-Seine: Planned for housing units, established on . Architect-urbanists: Mario Capra and André Remondet (consulting architect). ==== Val-d'Oise ==== • Val Notre-Dame, now Val d'Argent, Argenteuil: Established on , with housing units built from 1961 to 1972. Architect-urbanist: Roland Dubrulle. • Ermont, Franconville, Sannois: Established in 1964. Architect-urbanists: Raymond Gravereaux and Prévert. • Saint-Leu-la-Forêt-Le Plessis-Bouchard: Established in 1964. Architect-urbanists: Guy Pison and Clérin. • Taverny: Established in 1964, completed in 1980 (mostly as a ZAC). Architect-urbanist: Atelier LWD. === Languedoc-Roussillon === • La Moulinelle, Beaucaire (Gard): Established in 1963. • La Paillade, Montpellier (Hérault): Established on . Architect-urbanists: Pierre Vetter, Claude Damery, and G.H. Weil, with residents. • La Devèze, Béziers (Hérault): Established in 1961. • Pissevin, now Pissevin-Valdegour, Nîmes (Gard): Established in 1961. Architect-urbanist: Xavier Arsène-Henry. • Pointe du Barrou (Ile de Thau), near Bassin de Thau, Sète (Hérault): Established in 1966. Architect-urbanist: Borja Huidobro. File:Paillademontpellier.jpg|La Paillade in Montpellier. File:Zupnordvaldegour.JPG|ZUP Nord Valdegour in Nîmes. File:Devezebeziers.JPG|La Devèze in Béziers. === Limousin === • Tujac, Brive-la-Gaillarde: Established in 1963. • Vallée des Chers, Guéret: Established in 1966. • Aurence, Limoges: Established in 1961, built from 1965 to 1970. Architect-urbanist: Clément Tambuté. === Lorraine === • Faubourg d'Ambrail, Épinal: Architect-urbanist: Émile Deschler. • Plateau de la Justice, Épinal: Established in 1959, with housing units from 1960. • Rémelange, Fameck (Moselle): Built from 1959 to 1969. Architect-urbanist: Henri-Jean Calsat. • Wiesberg, Forbach: From 1960. • Cité-des-Provinces, Laxou, Nancy agglomeration: Established in 1959. Architect-urbanist: Jean-Louis Fayeton. • Borny, Metz (Moselle): Established on , with housing units built from 1964 to 1973. Architect-urbanist: Jean Dubuisson. • Val Saint-Martin, Mont-Saint-Martin, near Longwy (Meurthe-et-Moselle): Established in 1961, with housing units from 1959. Architect-urbanist: Paul La Mache. • Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy: Established in 1959, with housing units from 1960. Architect-urbanist: Henri-Jean Calsat. • Cité Verte, Verdun (Meuse): Built from 1957 to 1962 by Jean Fayeton. === Midi-Pyrénées === district in Toulouse. • Cantepau, Albi (Tarn): Established in 1967, with housing units. • Garros, Auch (Gers): Established in 1962. • Labarre, Foix (Ariège): Established in 1968. • Mazamet and Aussilon (Tarn): Established in 1963. • Bagatelle, Toulouse: Established in 1961. • Mirail, Toulouse: Established in 1962. Architect-urbanist: Georges Candilis. • Rangueil, Toulouse: Established in 1961. === Nord-Pas-de-Calais === • Mont-Liébaut, Béthune: Established in 1960. • Beau-Marais, Calais: Established in 1962, completed in 1969, with housing units. Architect-urbanist: Yervante Toumaniantz. • Barre-Vert, Dunkirk: Established in 1960. • Nouvelles Synthes, Grande-Synthe, near Dunkirk: Established in 1961, with housing units built from 1959 to 1980. Architect-urbanists: Gérard Deldique and Yervante Toumaniantz. • Grande-Résidence, Lens: Established in 1964. Architect-urbanist: Jean de Mailly. • Plaine de Mons, Mons-en-Barœul: Established in 1960. Architect-urbanists: Henri Chomette and Gérard Perpère. • Petit-Ronchin, Ronchin, Lille agglomeration: Established in 1960. • Trois Ponts, Roubaix: Established in 1961. Architect-urbanist: Guillaume Gillet. • Bourgogne, Tourcoing: Established in 1962, built from 1965 to 1975. • Valenciennes and Aulnoy-lez-Valenciennes: Established in 1960. • Plaine-de-Beaulieu, Wattrelos: Established in 1960. • Blanc Riez, Wattignies: Established in 1960. Architect-urbanist: Gérard Deldique. === Lower Normandy === • Saint-Paterne, now Perseigne, Alençon: Established in 1960. • Provinces, Octeville, Cherbourg-en-Cotentin: Established in 1960, with housing units built from 1963 to 1980. Architect-urbanist: Paul Vimond. • Chemin Vert, Caen: Established on , with housing units. Architect-urbanist: Marcel Clot. • La Pierre-Heuzé, Caen: Established on , with housing units. • Saint-Sauveur, Flers: Established in 1963. • Hérouville-Saint-Clair, Caen agglomeration: Established on , with housing units. • Plateau Saint-Jacques, now Hauteville, Lisieux: Established in 1961. Architect-urbanist: Georges Duval. • Saint-Georges, Saint-Lô: Established in 1960. === Upper Normandy === . • Bourg Lecomte, Bernay: Established in 1968. • Canteleu, Rouen agglomeration: Established in 1960. Architect-urbanists: Adrien Brelet and Raoul Leroy. • La Madeleine, Évreux: Established in 1961. Architect-urbanist: Adrien Brelet. • Caucriauville or Cité Saint-Pierre, Le Havre: Established in 1960, with housing units built from 1959 to 1970. Architect-urbanist: Sonrel-Duthilleul firm. • Mont-Gaillard, Le Havre: Established in 1968. Architect-urbanist: Gérard Ernoult. • Belleville-et-Hamelet, Louviers: Established in 1966. Architect-urbanist: Imanuel Wiener. • Petits Prés, Pont-Audemer: Established in 1966. • Grand'Mare, Rouen and Bihorel: Established in 1960, expanded in 1964, built from 1960 to 1968. • Grand-Quevilly, near Rouen: Established in 1961. Architect-urbanists: Louis Arretche and H. Tougard. • Valmeux, Vernon: Established in 1962. === Pays de la Loire === • Monplaisir (ZUP Nord-Briollay), Angers: Established on , covering , with planned housing units; built from 1963. • La Roseraie (ZUP Sud), Angers: Established on , covering , with planned housing units; built from 1966. • Les Fourches, Laval: Established in 1959. • Saint-Nicolas-Chartière, now Saint-Nicolas, Laval: Established in 1963. Architect-urbanist: Favette. • Allonnes, near Le Mans: Established in 1959. Architect-urbanists: Paul Herbé and Jean Le Couteur. • Sablons-Gazonfier, Le Mans: Established in 1959. Architect-urbanist: Roger Faraut. • Éraudière and Beaujoire, Nantes: Established in 1963. • Bellevue, Nantes/Saint-Herblain: Established in 1959. Architect-urbanist: Marcel Favraud. • Ile-Beaulieu-Malakoff, Nantes: Established in 1961. Architect-urbanist: Fernand Riehl. === Picardy === • Henriville, also ZUP Sud, Amiens: Established in 1967. • Nord, Amiens: Established in 1959. Architect-urbanist: Yervante Toumaniantz. • Nord-Ouest, Etouvie-Montières, Amiens: Architect-urbanists: Yervante Toumaniantz and Claude Guislain. • Argentine, Beauvais: Architect-urbanist: Jean de Mailly. • La-Glacière, Compiègne, now Maréchaux: Established in 1960. • L'Obier, Nogent-sur-Oise, near Creil: Established in 1960. • Nord, Saint-Siméon, Noyon: Established in 1966. • Zone Nord-Est, now Europe, Saint-Quentin: Established in 1961. === Poitou-Charentes === • Ma Campagne, Angoulême: Established in 1966. • La Forêt, Châtellerault: Established in 1967. • Plaine-d'Ozon, Châtellerault: Established in 1960. Architect-urbanist: Jean Maneval. • Saint-Liguaire, now Clou-Bouchet, Niort: Established in 1962. Architect-urbanist: Clade Le Cœur. • Couronneries, Poitiers: Established on . Architect-urbanist: André Remondet. • La Rochelle/Périgny/Aytré, now Villeneuve-les-Salines, La Rochelle: Established in 1966. • Mireuil-Saint-Maurice, La Rochelle: Established in 1959. Architect-urbanists: Louis Simon and Borja Huidobro. • Boiffiers, Saintes: Established in 1967. === Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur === . • L'Encagnane, Aix-en-Provence: Built from 1965 to 1971. • Plan du Bourg, Arles: Established in 1968. • Monclar, Avignon: Established on . Architect-urbanist: André Remondet. • Plateau-Napoléon, Grasse: Established in 1962. • Le Canet-Malpassé, now Frais-Vallon, Marseille: Built from 1961 to 1970. Architect-urbanist: Guillaume Gillet. • Les Caillols, Marseille: Established in 1966. • Canto-Perdrix, Martigues (Bouches-du-Rhône): Established in 1961, built from 1962 to 1970. Architect-urbanists: Michel Ecochard and Guillaume Gillet. • L'Arenas/Saint-Augustin, Nice, now Moulins district: Established in 1960. Architect-urbanists: Daniel Badani and Paul D'Outreligne. • Les Canourgues, Salon-de-Provence (Bouches-du-Rhône): Established in 1966. • Berthe, La Seyne-sur-Mer: Established in 1960. • La Rode, Toulon: housing units built from 1960. Architect-urbanist: S. Mikelian. === Rhône-Alpes === . • Novel-Teppes, Annecy: Architect-urbanist: Maurice Novarina. • La Varde, Annecy-le-Vieux, Annecy agglomeration: Established in 1966. • Reyssouze, Bourg-en-Bresse (Ain): Established in 1959, expanded in 1964. Architect-urbanist: Jean Royer. • Chambéry-le-Haut, Chambéry: Built from 1963 to 1977. Architect-urbanist: Jean Dubuisson. • Chazeau-Bruneaux, Firminy, Saint-Étienne agglomeration: Established in 1968. • Villeneuve, Grenoble and Échirolles: Established in 1961, with housing units ( in Grenoble, in Échirolles) built from 1973 to 1980. Urbanist: Henry Bernard; architects for Échirolles: Georges Bovet, Joly, Guy Pison; architects for Grenoble’s Arlequin: AUA, Loiseau, and Tribel. • Guilherand, now Guilherand-Granges, Valence agglomeration: Established in 1964. • Pierrelatte (Drôme): housing units built from 1960. Architect-urbanist: J.M. Lafon. • Fonsala, Saint-Chamond (Loire): Built from 1965. • Montreynaud, Saint-Étienne (Loire): Built from 1966 to 1977. • Saint-Genis-Pouilly (Ain): Established in 1967. • Champ-Fleuri, Seynod, Annecy agglomeration: Built from 1969. • Valence-le-Haut (Fontbarlette-Le Plan), Valence: housing units built from 1963 to 1976. Architect-urbanist: André Gomis. • Rillieux-Crépieux, now Ville Nouvelle, Rillieux-la-Pape (Rhône): Established in 1959, built in the 1970s, with housing units. Architect-urbanists: Joseph Maillet and Jean Poupon. • Vaulx-en-Velin (Rhône): Established in 1963, with housing units built from 1970 to 1980. Architect-urbanists: Carrot and Charles Delfante. • Minguettes, Vénissieux: housing units built from 1965 to 1973. Architect-urbanist: Eugène Beaudouin, with Bornarel and Frank Grimal. • Vernaison, Lyon agglomeration: Established in 1963. Architect-urbanist: Eugène Beaudouin. == References ==