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Functional morpheme

In linguistics, functional morphemes, also sometimes referred to as functors, are building blocks for language acquisition. A functional morpheme is a morpheme which simply modifies the meaning of a word, rather than supplying the root meaning. Functional morpheme are generally considered a closed class, which means that new functional morphemes cannot normally be created.

Early Language acquisition
Children begin to use functional morphemes in their speech as early as two years old. Functional morphemes encode grammatical meaning within words, but children don't outwardly show their understanding of this. Recently, linguistics have begun to discover that children do recognize functional morphemes when it was previously thought otherwise. She argues that even though children may not actually produce functional morphemes in speech, they do appear to understand their use within sentences. An experiment was conducted by Rushen Shi and Melanie Lepage on children who spoke Quebec French. They decided to take the French determiner des, meaning 'the', and compare it with the words mes meaning 'my', and kes (a nonce word). The two verbs used were preuve 'proof' and sangle 'saddle'. The verbs then had functors attached to them and appeared in variation with the three noun phrases. Compared to English functors which can be identified through stress, French functors are identified through syllables. This difference made an important distinction between English and French language learners because Shi found that French speaking children learn functors at an earlier age than English speaking children. and Dutch. So far most languages tend to act similar to English, in that children who are acquiring language learn functional morphemes even though it might not be outwardly apparent. == Neural processing of functional morphemes ==
Neural processing of functional morphemes
Lee et.al. conducted a study on adults who had surgery within six months prior to test for their knowledge of functional morphemes and to determine where in the brain these processes occur. The study revolved around the participants' ability to produce the correct form of the verb talk. By doing so, the researchers were able to determine the specific area where the processing of functional morphemes occur. They observed grey and white matter in the brain and found that the processing of function morphemes occurs in the left temporoparietal junction (TPJ). They also discovered that if the adult had received damage to their post-superior temporal gyrus (P-STG), then they would have problems producing functional morphemes in the future. Lee et.al. concluded that functional morphemes are required for producing lexically complex words and sentences, and that damage to the P-STG can result in adults having issues with these processes. == Bootstrapping ==
Bootstrapping
The linguistic theory of bootstrapping refers to how infants come to learn language through the process of language acquisition. By learning functional morphemes, children are unconsciously bootstrapping themselves for other linguistic processes. This includes learning words in general, grammar, the meaning of words, and how phrases work. Through several studies examining children's language acquisition, it was found that children do use functional morphemes to help them develop other parts of their speech. ==References==
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