Western film

in Vera Cruz from 1954. The American Film Institute defines Western films as those "set in the American West that [embody] the spirit, the struggle, and the demise of the new frontier". The term "Western", used to describe a narrative film genre, appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World magazine. Most of the characteristics of Western films were part of 19th-century popular Western fiction, and were firmly in place before film became a popular art form. Film critic Philip French has said that the Western is "a commercial formula with rules as fixed and immutable as the Kabuki Theater." Western films commonly feature protagonists such as sheriffs, cowboys, gunslingers, and bounty hunters, who are often depicted as seminomadic wanderers who wear Stetson hats, bandannas, spurs, and buckskins, use revolvers or rifles as everyday tools of survival and as a means to settle disputes using "frontier justice". Protagonists ride between dusty towns and cattle ranches on their trusty steeds. ==History==

Origins Film Westerns derive from the Wild West shows that began in the 1870s. These early films were originally referred to as "Wild West dramas", the term "Western" came to describe the genre. The use of this shortened term appears to have originated with a July 1912 article in Motion Picture World magazine. Silent era Western films were enormously popular in the silent-film era (1894–1927). The earliest known Western narrative film is the British short Kidnapping by Indians, made by Mitchell and Kenyon in Blackburn, England, in 1899. The Great Train Robbery (1903, based on the earlier British film A Daring Daylight Burglary), Edwin S. Porter's film starring Broncho Billy Anderson, is often erroneously cited as the first Western, though George N. Fenin and William K. Everson point out that the "Edison company had played with Western material for several years prior to The Great Train Robbery". Nonetheless, they concur that Porter's film "set the pattern—of crime, pursuit, and retribution—for the Western film as a genre". The film's popularity opened the door for Anderson to become the screen's first Western star; he made several hundred Western film shorts. So popular was the genre that he soon faced competition from Tom Mix and William S. Hart. Jesse James Under the Black Flag (1921) was an early full-length silent feature Western starring Jesse James Jr as his father. One of the first studios dedicated to the production of Westerns established in 1910 in Los Angeles and was a facility owned by the American branch of the French Pathé group. 1930s With the advent of sound in 1927–28, the major Hollywood studios rapidly abandoned Westerns, leaving the genre to smaller studios and producers. These smaller organizations churned out countless low-budget features and serials in the 1930s. By the late 1930s, the Western film was widely regarded as a "pulp" genre in Hollywood, but its popularity was dramatically revived in 1939 by major studio productions such as Dodge City starring Errol Flynn, Jesse James with Tyrone Power, Union Pacific with Joel McCrea, Destry Rides Again featuring James Stewart and Marlene Dietrich, and especially John Ford's landmark Western adventure Stagecoach starring John Wayne, which became one of the biggest hits of the year. Released through United Artists, Stagecoach made John Wayne a mainstream screen star in the wake of a decade of headlining B Westerns. Wayne had been introduced to the screen 10 years earlier as the leading man in director Raoul Walsh's spectacular widescreen The Big Trail, which failed at the box office in spite of being shot on location across the American West, including the Grand Canyon, Yosemite, and the giant redwoods, due in part to exhibitors' inability to switch over to widescreen during the Great Depression. "Golden Age" After the renewed commercial successes of the Western in the late 1930s, their popularity continued to rise until the 1950s, when the number of Western films produced outnumbered all other genres combined. The period from 1940 to 1960 has been called the "Golden Age of the Western". It is epitomized by the work of several prominent directors including: • Robert Aldrich – Apache (1954), Vera Cruz (1954) • Budd Boetticher – several films with Randolph Scott including The Tall T (1957) and Comanche Station (1960) • Delmer Daves – Broken Arrow (1950), The Last Wagon (1956), 3:10 to Yuma (1957) • Walt Disney – Frontierland (theme park), Davy Crockett series (1955), Elfego Baca series (1958), Texas John Slaughter series (1958) • Allan Dwan – Silver Lode (1954), Cattle Queen of Montana (1954) • John Ford – Stagecoach (1939), My Darling Clementine (1946), The Searchers (1956), The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962) • Samuel Fuller – Run of the Arrow (1957), Forty Guns (1957) • George Roy Hill – Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid (1969) • Howard Hawks – Red River (1948), Rio Bravo (1959), El Dorado (1966) • Henry King – The Gunfighter (1950), The Bravados (1958) • Anthony Mann – ''Winchester '73 (1950), The Man from Laramie (1955), The Tin Star'' (1957) • Sam Peckinpah – Ride the High Country (1962), The Wild Bunch (1969) • Nicholas Ray – Johnny Guitar (1954) • George Stevens – Annie Oakley (1935), Shane (1953) • John Sturges – Gunfight at the O.K. Corral (1957), The Magnificent Seven (1960) • Jacques Tourneur – Canyon Passage (1946), Wichita (1955) • King Vidor – Duel in the Sun (1946), Man Without a Star (1955) • William A. Wellman – The Ox-Bow Incident (1943), Yellow Sky (1948) • William Wyler – The Westerner (1940), The Big Country (1958) • Fred Zinnemann – High Noon (1952) Revivals There have been several instances of resurgence for the Western genre. According to Netflix, the popularity of the genre is due to its malleability: "As America has evolved, so too have Westerns." During the 1960s and 1970s, Spaghetti Westerns from Italy became popular worldwide; this was due to the success of Sergio Leone's storytelling method in the Spaghetti Western Dollars Trilogy featuring Clint Eastwood: A Fistful of Dollars (1964), For a Few Dollars More (1965), The Good, the Bad and the Ugly (1966), as well as Once Upon a Time in the West (1968). Although experiencing waning popularity during the 1980s, the success of films such as Dances with Wolves (1990) and Unforgiven (1992) brought the genre back into the mainstream. At the turn of the 21st century, Westerns have once again seen an ongoing revival in popularity. Largely influenced by the recapturing of Americana mythology, appreciation for the vaquero folklore within Mexican culture and the US Southwest, interest in the Western lifestyle's music and clothing, along with popular video games series such as Red Dead. == Themes and settings ==

Screenwriter and scholar Eric R. Williams identifies Western films as one of eleven super-genres in his screenwriters' taxonomy, claiming that all feature length narrative films can be classified by these super-genres. The other ten super-genres are action, crime, fantasy, horror, romance, science fiction, slice of life, sports, thriller, and war. Western films often depict conflicts with Native Americans. While early Eurocentric Westerns frequently portray the Native Americans as dishonorable villains, the later and more culturally neutral Westerns gave Native Americans a more sympathetic treatment. Other recurring themes of Westerns include treks (e.g. The Big Trail) or perilous journeys (e.g. Stagecoach) or groups of bandits terrorizing small towns such as in The Magnificent Seven. The Western goes beyond simply a cinematic genre, and extends into defining the myth of the West in American culture. Productions were also filmed on location at movie ranches. Often, the vast landscape becomes more than a vivid backdrop; it becomes a character in the film. John Ford's use of Monument Valley as an expressive landscape in his films from Stagecoach to Cheyenne Autumn (1965), "present us with a mythic vision of the plains and deserts of the American West, embodied most memorably in Monument Valley, with its buttes and mesas that tower above the men on horseback, whether they be settlers, soldiers, or Native Americans". == See also ==