Born in
Annapolis (
Maryland), Hammond grew up in
Harrisburg (
Pennsylvania). He received his
M.D. from
New York University at the age of 20. He conducted research over many years and the resulting paper was awarded a prize by the
American Medical Association in 1857. With a common interest in poisons acting on the nervous system (among them
snake venom), he wrote a paper with
Silas Weir Mitchell that was published in 1859. He was elected to the
American Philosophical Society that same year. While serving at
Fort Riley as medical director, Hammond also collected biological specimens. In 1860 he accepted a
chair of
anatomy and
physiology at the
University of Maryland School of Medicine in
Baltimore and left the army.
Civil War When the
American Civil War broke out Hammond spent some time at the Baltimore infirmary then joined the army (without recognition of his past service) on 28 May 1861, a month a half after the beginning of the hostilities. Surgeon General
Clement Finley soon transferred him to
West Virginia under the command of General
William Starke Rosecrans command "to lessen his visibility". There Hammond met
Jonathan Letterman. Hammond worked with Letterman and Rosecrans on the design of a new ambulance wagon. The atmosphere in the upper levels of medical services was then one of internal strife and personal conflicts. Hammond—a tall and imposing young man—was no man of intrigue, nor even, according to all accounts, a very flexible person. However, the situation offered him the possibility for advancement. When Finley, the 10th Surgeon General, was fired after an argument with
Secretary of War Edwin M. Stanton,
Abraham Lincoln, against Stanton's advice and the normal rules of promotion, named the 34-year-old Hammond to succeed him with the rank of
brigadier general. Hammond became Surgeon General of the Army on 25 April 1862, less than a year after rejoining the army.
Surgeon General Hammond launched a number of reforms. He raised the requirements for admission into the
Army Medical Corps. The number of hospitals was greatly increased and he paid close attention to ventilation He created
Satterlee Hospital (which had up to 4,500 beds in hundreds of tents). Hospitals were ordered to maintain much more complete records. In Washington he founded the
National Museum of Health and Medicine (then called Army Medical Museum) and put
John H. Brinton in charge. Hammond proposed a permanent military medical corps, a permanent hospital for the military, and centralized issuance of medications. He recommended that "the service age of recruits be fixed by law at twenty years". On his initiative, Letterman's ambulance system was thoroughly tested before being extended to the whole
Union. Mortality decreased significantly. Efficiency increased, as Hammond promoted people on the basis of competence, not rank or connections, and his initiatives were positive and timely.
Removal from office On 4 May 1863 Hammond banned the mercury compound
calomel from army supplies, as he believed it to be neither safe nor effective (he was later proved correct). He thought it dangerous to make an already debilitated patient vomit. A "Calomel Rebellion" ensued, as many of his colleagues had no alternative treatments and resented the move as an infringement on their liberty of practice. Hammond's arrogant nature did not help him solve the problem, and his relations with Secretary of War Stanton became strained. On 3 September 1863 he was sent on a protracted "inspection tour" to the South, which effectively removed him from office.
Joseph Barnes, a friend of Stanton's and his personal physician, became acting Surgeon General. Hammond demanded to be either reinstated or
court-martialed. A court-martial found him guilty of "irregularities" in the purchase of medical furniture (Stanton "used false data"). Hammond was dismissed on 18 August 1864. He became professor of nervous and mental diseases at
Bellevue Hospital in 1867 and at the
New York University in 1874. He served on the faculty of the
University of Vermont at Burlington and was co-founder and faculty member of the Post Graduate Medical School of New York. In 1871 he published his best-known work,
Treatise on diseases of the nervous system. In early 1872 he traveled to California to visit his ailing friend Letterman. In 1874 he founded, with Silas Weir Mitchell and many others, the
American Neurological Association. In 1878 "he was restored to the army [...] with the grade of brigadier general, without pay or allowances". Hammond was the author of many books and articles, some of them published in a journal he had founded. He was energetic, sceptical, moderate, a believer in freedom, and a reformer. He enjoyed writing in his spare time, becoming a
science journalist and a
naturalist. He also wrote a short biography of
Polydore Vergil. In 1882 he wrote an account of transgender cultural practices among the Pueblo peoples, becoming an early American writer to broach the subject. In 1888 he returned to Washington, where he founded a hospital for patients with nervous and mental diseases. His second spouse was Esther Dyer (d. 1925), who is buried by his side. His son
Graeme Hammond also was a neurologist, as well as an Olympic fencer. Hammond co-authored
a novel with his daughter, the novelist
Clara Lanza.
Skepticism Hammond was a
scientific skeptic. He was a critic of
spiritualism and attributed
mediumship to
suggestion and
sleight of hand tricks. He explained the behavior of mediums as symptoms of
hypnosis, hysteria,
catalepsy and ecstasy. His book
The Physics and Physiology of Spiritualism (1871) is an early text on
anomalistic psychology and was revised into a larger edition
Spiritualism and Allied Causes and Conditions of Nervous Derangement (1876). Hammond also argued that Spiritualism was itself a form of
mental illness. His book,
Fasting Girls: Their Physiology and Pathology (1879) is still referenced today as a historical example of a skeptical examination of the paranormal claims of
fasting girls. In some cases, the fasting girls exhibited the appearance of
stigmata. Hammond ascribed the phenomenon to fraud and
hysteria on the part of the girl. == Selected works ==