Women's suffrage in Illinois

in 1892 The first women's suffrage group in Illinois was created by Susan B. Anthony's cousin, Susan Hoxie Richardson. Richardson created the Earlville Suffrage Association in 1855. Richardson had heard the women's suffrage speech given by lawyer and editor of the Earlville Transcript, Alonzo Jackson Grover, earlier that year. Grover's paper often published articles on the abolition movement and women's suffrage. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton spoke at the convention. During this convention, the Illinois Woman Suffrage Association (IWSA) was created. At the same time as Livermore's group was meeting, another suffrage convention was being held by Sorosis in Chicago. The Chicago Tribune made fun of the situation and implied that the women weren't able to properly plan conventions. Mrs. D. L. Waterman of Sorosis replied to the Tribune, explaining how the conventions had happened at the same time and provided letters between herself and Livermore. After the convention, Livermore started a suffrage newspaper called The Agitator. The first issue came out on March 13, 1869. The newspaper featured articles about women's rights and empowerment. After Livermore moved to Boston with her family in 1870, she merged The Agitator with the ''Woman's Journal''. IWSA held their annual convention in the capital of Illinois, Springfield in February 1870. Frances Willard and other members of IWSA lobbied the Illinois Constitutional Convention being held there for women's suffrage. She became the second president of WCTU and encouraged the group to support women's suffrage. Judge Bradwell helped pass a rule allowing women to serve on school boards. The next year saw ten women elected as County Superintendents of schools. In 1879, Willard brought a petition to the General Assembly requesting that women have the right to vote on alcohol-related issues. Sophie Gibbs, a Universalist Minister, created the Decatur Women's Suffrage Club on July 30, 1888. Around one hundred women in Decatur, Illinois came together to work towards women's suffrage. Catharine Waugh McCulloch becomes the legislative superintendent of IESA and begins lobbying the Illinois General Assembly for women's suffrage legislation. In 1891, IESA persuaded politicians to introduce a women's suffrage amendment in the state legislature. George W. Curtis introduced a bill in the House and Charles Bogardus worked on the Senate version. The bill for the amendment didn't pass, but it helped make the later passage of a school suffrage bill easier. The school suffrage bill was written by the WCTU and was introduced in the state Senate by Thomas C. MacMillan where it easily passed. The bill also passed by a large majority in the House. The school suffrage bill was confusing and led to four different Supreme Court of Illinois decisions to determine the scope of the law. In some situations, women were not given ballots at voting places or even ballot-boxes and had to provide their own. In the end, it was decided that women could only vote on school offices created by the state legislature. Also in 1891, Ellen A. Martin found a loophole in the city charter of Lombard, Illinois that could allow her and other women to legally vote. The charter stated that "all citizens" could vote and did not specify gender. Martin, a lawyer, demanded her right to vote on April 6, 1891. Fourteen other women who lived in Lombard also wished to vote. After appealing to judges, the votes were tabulated and became the first 15 votes cast by women in Illinois. == Further growth ==

in Chicago, preparing to leave for the Suffrage March in Washington, D.C., March 1913 IESA worked to publicize the issue of women paying taxes without representation in 1901. The group published and distributed a leaflet called "Suffrage for Women Taxpayers." Members of the Chicago Teachers' Federation, under the leadership of Margaret Haley and Catherine Goggin, helped raise awareness for women's suffrage. In the next years, suffragists worked to get the History of Woman Suffrage in library collections. Suffragists also managed to get more women's clubs in the state interested in women's suffrage. The Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs (IFWC) started to endorse municipal suffrage bills. Further outreach to colleges and other venues to organize suffrage groups was done by Alice Henry and Elmira E. Springer. Springer donated $1,000 to use for prizes in the annual "inter-collegiate oratorical suffrage contest." In 1906, Chicago held a Charter Convention to revise their municipal charter. Members of the convention were men, but women worked to influence the changes in the convention. Not only did she lobby, but she also got new ideas from working with the politicians, and started a women's suffrage auto tour in July 1910. The suffragists visited Aurora, Belvidere, DeKalb, Elgin, Evanston, Geneva, Gray Lake, Highland Park, Lake Forest, McHenry, Marengo, Naperville, Waukengan, Wheaton, and Woodstock. Trout also worked to create local suffrage clubs in each state senator's district. In October 1910, IESA held their convention in Elgin, Illinois. Some members of IESA under the direction of McCulloch, went to Springfield in order to lobby the General Assembly. One thing Trout discovered while visiting the IESA members in Springfield, was that there was still hostility to women's suffrage. McCulloch passed the job onto Elizabeth K. Booth in 1911. Trout and Booth came up with an educational plan that was quiet and would not draw a large opposition. They also created a card-catalog database with information about the views and personal lives of all of the members of the General Assembly. The database gave them the information they needed to more effectively lobby the legislators. Trout wanted to identify legislators who may be friendly to women's suffrage. Alice Paul and Lucy Burns were organizing the Woman Suffrage Procession in Washington, D.C. When they didn't receive an answer, Ida B. Wells came with the other suffragists. Wells represented the Alpha Suffrage Club. When the suffragists rehearsed the parade, organizers ordered the Black marchers to segregate. They wanted Wells to walk at the end of the procession. A "sometimes heated and emotional debate" took place, with some Illinois suffragists threatening not to march if Wells could not march. Wells said, "If the Illinois women do not take a stand now in this great democratic parade then the colored women are lost." Trout tried to intercede so that she could march with the other Illinois women, but was rebuffed. Alice Paul, the leader of the Procession, did not see the importance of integrating and she was worried about offending white Southerners. While the suffragists were trying to decide what to do, Wells disappeared. When the march started, Wells joined the white Illinois suffragists and marched alongside Virginia Brooks, and Belle Squire . Illinois was one of four states whose suffragists marched as "integrated units." == Partial Suffrage ==

signs the Suffrage Bill in Illinois, June 26, 1913. Mrs. Dunne is to the left and Speaker William B. McKinley (Illinois state legislator) is to the right. Suffragists standing are Grace Wilbur Trout, Elizabeth Booth, and Antoinette Funk. Seated is Margaret Haley. The 1913 session of the General Assembly opened with a several weeks' long struggle for the role of Speaker of the House. Booth spent the time learning to recognize each legislator in the Assembly. Eventually, William B. McKinley (Illinois state legislator) was elected as Speaker. Members of the Progressive Party wanted to bring forth a women's suffrage bill, but Trout and Booth convinced them that it would be better if IESA sponsor a bill in order to keep the issue independent of political party. McCulloch used her own, more specific draft of a women's suffrage bill. McKinley helped the suffragists by giving the bill to a committee that would report favorably on the bill. He also warned Trout that if there was no public support for the bill, he would not bring it up for a final vote. Trout called on her network of suffragists and McKinley received an average of one phone call in support of women's suffrage every fifteen minutes when he was in Chicago. He was called both at the office and at home. On his return to Springfield, there was a pile of telegrams and letters waiting for him. Women in different parts of the state were organized by Trout to call their own local legislators. Suffragists were asked to give up items such as a favorite food or "pretty laces" on National Self-Denial Day, August 15, 1914, and put the money they would have spent on the items towards the suffrage fund. Through the work of suffragists and clubwomen, more than 200,000 women were registered to vote in Chicago alone. == Work continues and ratification ==

Chicago held a large suffrage parade on May 2, 1914, where around 15,000 women marched down Michigan Boulevard. Governor Dunne and the mayor of Chicago, Carter Harrison IV participated in the parade. Nearly a thousand suffragists were invited to the La Salle Hotel for food, music and speeches. The parade showed that it was important for Illinois women to keep fighting for equal suffrage. During the 1916 Republican National Convention in Chicago, suffragists marched in a "rainy day suffrage parade" which was sponsored by NAWSA. The Woman's Party Convention in Chicago also took place in June 1916. The convention was held at the Blackstone Theater at the same time as the Republican convention. There were more than 11,000 attendees at the convention which eventually formed the National Women's Party (NWP). Illinois ratified the amendment on June 10, 1919. While Illinois voted first, the state of Wisconsin was the first state to finalize the ratification process. NAWSA held their Victory Convention in Chicago on February 14, 1920. On that day, Catt created the League of Women Voters (LWV). Illinois suffragist and artist, Adelaide Johnson, unveiled her women's suffrage monument in Washington, D.C., on February 6, 1921. == African-American women's suffrage ==

at the Woman Suffrage Procession African-American voices in the women's suffrage movement were present at the beginning in Illinois. White women were also more involved in promoting and supporting Black women in the suffrage movement. Naomi Talbert Anderson attended the first Illinois women's suffrage convention in 1869 and advocated for Black women in the suffrage movement. Sophonisba Breckinridge worked to use women's suffrage as a way to create racial justice. Sadie Lewis Adams served as a delegate to the IESL when they held their conventions in Chicago. In 1913, the Alpha Suffrage Club was founded by Ida B. Wells and Belle Squire in Chicago. the Alpha Suffrage Club worked on a broader range of issues than other women's suffrage clubs in Illinois. In 1915, the Alpha Suffrage Club helped elect the first Black alderman in Chicago, Oscar DePriest. When Wells refused to march in the segregated section of the Woman Suffrage Procession in 1913, her action was publicized. A picture of Wells marching between her white friends, Squire and Virginia Brooks, was published in the Chicago Daily Tribune. The publicity of Wells defiance against segregation was important for Black women in the country, showing them that they had a place in the women's suffrage movement. == Anti-suffragists ==

In Illinois, one of the reasons people opposed women's suffrage was because it upset gender roles. There were fears that women's suffrage would hurt the traditional family. One man wrote the state Senate to oppose women's suffrage because he believed that suffragists secretly hated men. Others worried that ideas like socialism and anarchy would be supported by suffragists. Caroline Fairfield Corbin of Chicago created the Illinois Association Opposed to the Extension of Suffrage to Women (IAOESW) in 1897. Corbin worked not only to oppose the efforts of Illinois suffragists, but also took her campaign to Germany. Corbin had a rivalry with Susan B. Anthony. Corbin's message was that women who already liked their position in life would lose their privilege and that suffragists would spread socialism and communism in the United States. == See also ==