World Food Programme

WFP was established in 1961 after the 1960 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Conference, when George McGovern, director of the US Food for Peace Programmes, proposed establishing a multilateral food aid programme. WFP launched its first programmes in 1963 by the FAO and the United Nations General Assembly on a three-year experimental basis, supporting the Nubian population at Wadi Halfa in Sudan. In 1965, the programme was extended to a continuing basis. == Background ==

WFP works across a broad spectrum of Sustainable Development Goals. To address these interconnected challenges, the WFP Strategic Plan (2022–2025) incorporated the "Humanitarian-Development-Peace Nexus" into its operational framework. This strategic shift moved beyond immediate emergency relief to include a focus on the underlying causes of hunger, such as climate instability and chronic conflict. It represented a transition from a primary emphasis on food distribution to the reinforcement of national social protection systems. With this approach, the organization sought to increase community resilience and reduce long-term dependency on international food aid. ==Funding==

WFP operations rely heavily on funding from voluntary donations by governments worldwide, corporations, and private donors, which makes these operations dependent upon global economic conditions. In 2022, funding reached a record USD 14.1 billion—up almost 50% from 2021—against an operational funding need of USD 21.4 billion. The United States was the largest donor. In 2023, the WFP received USD 8.3 billion in funding, likely marking the first time since 2010 that funding decreased from the previous year, creating a funding gap of 64%. This created a significant shortfall compared to operational needs, forcing the WFP to prioritize aid and reduce food assistance in some high-risk regions. These funding disruptions occurred as the organization's 2022–2025 strategic outlook identified a widening gap between humanitarian requirements and available financial resources. Despite reaching record funding levels in 2022, subsequent declines in contributions required the agency to prioritize its interventions. This period was characterized by a global trend where the Sustainable Development Goal of "Zero Hunger" (SDG 2) remained unmet. This stagnation was largely attributed to systemic economic shocks and the protracted effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, the financial capacity to maintain large-scale operations was frequently under pressure, challenging the feasibility of reaching the 2030 global targets. By late 2025, the humanitarian system faced what analysts called a "failure of prevention". The gap between identified needs and allocated funding meant that aid coverage was sharply reduced, even for populations in Catastrophe (IPC Phase 5) conditions. WFP and FAO warned that famines were becoming foreseeable consequences of human action—or inaction—rather than inevitable disasters. This period saw a critical shift in advocacy, with the organization calling for greater investment in anticipatory action to mitigate disasters before they unfold rather than relying solely on high-cost, delayed emergency responses. ==Organization==

Governance, leadership and staff WFP is governed by an executive board that consists of representatives of 36 member states and provides intergovernmental support, direction, and supervision of WFP's activities. Of the 36 board members, 18 are elected by the United Nations Economic and Social Council and 18 by the Food and Agriculture Organization. The European Union is a permanent observer in WFP and, as a major donor, participates in the work of its executive board. WFP is headed by an executive director, who is appointed jointly by the UN Secretary-General and the director-general of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. The executive director is appointed for fixed five-year terms and is responsible for the administration of the organization as well as the implementation of its programmes, projects, and other activities. Cindy McCain, previously Ambassador and Permanent Representative of the United States Mission to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Agencies in Rome, was appointed to the role in March 2023. In March 2023, WFP had over 22,300 staff. Institutional development during this phase relied on evidence-based programming and independent evaluations, including data from the Multilateral Organisation Performance Assessment Network (MOPAN). The organization also formalised several cross-cutting priorities within its governance structure. These included gender equality—defined as a necessary component for achieving food security—and the implementation of environmental safeguards. Such measures were designed to mitigate the ecological impact of large-scale logistics and field operations. • Addeke Hendrik Boerma () (May 1962 – December 1967) • Sushil K. Dev () (January 1968 – August 1968) (acting) • Francisco Aquino () (July 1968 – May 1976) • Thomas C. M. Robinson () (May 1976 – June 1977 acting; July 1977 – September 1977) • Garson N. Vogel () (October 1977 – April 1981) • Bernardo de Azevedo Brito () (May 1981 – February 1982) (acting) • Juan Felipe Yriart () (February 1982 – April 1982) (acting) • James Ingram () (April 1982 – April 1992) • Catherine Bertini () (April 1992 – April 2002) • James T. Morris () (April 2002 – April 2007) • Josette Sheeran () (April 2007 – April 2012) • Ertharin Cousin () (April 2012 – April 2017) • David Beasley () (April 2017 – April 2023) • Cindy McCain () (Since April 2023) ==Activities==

Emergencies About two-thirds of WFP life-saving food assistance goes to people facing high degrees of food insecurity, predominantly resulting from violence and armed conflict. Over 60% of the people facing hunger globally live in regions experiencing armed violence, which compounds with increased displacement, destruction of food systems, and increased humanitarian access challenges to pose massive risks to food security in the regions. In 2023, more than 300 million people faced acute hunger globally. The main contributing factors to this are major conflicts, economic shocks, and climate disasters. WFP is also a first responder to sudden-onset emergencies. When floods struck Sudan in July 2020, it provided emergency food assistance to nearly 160,000 people. WFP provided food as well as vouchers for people to buy vital supplies, while also planning recovery, reconstruction, and resilience-building activities, after Cyclone Idai struck Mozambique and floods washed an estimated 400,000 hectares of crops on early 2019. WFP's emergency support is also preemptive in offsetting the potential impact of disasters. In the Sahel region of Africa, amidst economic challenges, climate change, and armed militancy, WFP's activities included working with communities and partners to harvest water for irrigation, restore degraded land, and support livelihoods through skills training. It uses early-warning systems to help communities prepare for disasters. In Bangladesh, weather forecasting led to the distribution of cash to vulnerable farmers to pay for measures such as reinforcing their homes or stockpiling food ahead of heavy flooding. WFP is the lead agency of the Logistics Cluster, a coordination mechanism established by the Inter-Agency Standing Committee (IASC). It also co-leads the Food Security Cluster. The WFP-managed United Nations Humanitarian Air Service (UNHAS) serves over 300 destinations globally. WFP also manages the United Nations Humanitarian Response Depot (UNHRD), a global network of hubs that procure, store and transport emergency supplies for the organization and the wider humanitarian community. WFP logistical support, including its air service and hubs, has enabled staff and supplies from WFP and partner organizations to reach areas where commercial flights have not been available during the COVID-19 pandemic. Climate change Climate change is a large contributor to food insecurity because it increases droughts and floods, reducing agricultural productivity with damage to crops. WFP provided cash to vulnerable groups ahead of torrential rains in Bangladesh in July 2019. Its response to Hurricane Dorian in the Bahamas in September 2019 was assisted by a regional office in Barbados, which had been set up the previous year to enable better disaster preparedness and response. In advance of Dorian, WFP deployed technical experts in food security, logistics and emergency telecommunication to support a rapid needs assessment. Assessment teams also conducted an initial aerial reconnaissance mission with the aim to put teams on the ground as soon as possible. Climate variability remained a secondary yet potent driver of food insecurity during this period. The persistence of La Niña conditions through early 2026 exacerbated existing vulnerabilities, leading to a "dual threat" of localized floods and prolonged droughts. In East Africa, for instance, Somalia and Kenya faced consecutive below-average rainy seasons, while South Sudan dealt with the overflow of the Nile. These weather extremes did more than just destroy crops; they disrupted the delicate balance of agricultural livelihoods, forcing more people into chronic dependency on emergency aid. School meals School meals encourage parents in vulnerable families to send their children to school, rather than work. They have proved highly beneficial in areas including education and gender equality, health and nutrition, social protection, local economies and agriculture. WFP works with partners to ensure school feeding is part of integrated school health and nutrition programmes, which include services such as malaria control, menstrual hygiene and guidance on sanitation and hygiene. In education, hunger and malnutrition can lead to absence from school. Children who experience food insecurity may acquire developmental issues. WFP connects smallholder farmers to markets in more than 40 countries. In 2008, WFP coordinated the five-year Purchase for Progress (P4P) pilot project. P4P assists smallholding farmers by offering them opportunities to access agricultural markets and become competitive players in the marketplace. The project spanned across 20 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America and trained 800,000 farmers in improved agricultural production, post-harvest handling, quality assurance, group marketing, agricultural finance, and contracting with WFP. The project resulted in 366,000 metric tons of food produced and generated more than US$148 million in income for its smallholder farmers. Asset creation WFP's Food Assistance for Assets (FFA) programme provides cash or food-based transfers to address recipients' immediate food needs, while they build or boost assets, such as repairing irrigation systems, bridges, and land and water management activities. FFA reflects WFP's drive towards food assistance and development rather than food aid and dependency. It does this by focusing on the assets and their impact on people and communities rather than on the work to realize them, a shift away from previous approaches such as Food or Cash for Work programmes and large public works programmes. Cash assistance WFP uses cash transfers such as physical banknotes, a debit card or vouchers, aiming to give more choices to aid recipients and encourage the funds to be invested back into local economies. During the first half of 2022, WFP delivered US$1.6 billion in cash to 37 million people in 70 countries to alleviate hunger. A 2022 study by the Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative concluded that the Emergency Social Safety Net (ESSN) cash programme "significantly reduced the incidence and intensity of multidimensional poverty" among the people receiving cash transfers. Capacity building In the most climate disaster-prone provinces of the Philippines, WFP is providing emergency response training and equipment to local government units, and helping set up automated weather stations. Digital innovation WFP's digital transformation centres on deploying the latest technologies and data to help achieve zero hunger. The WFP Innovation Accelerator has sourced and supported more than 60 projects spanning 45 countries. In 2017, WFP launched the Building Blocks programme. It aims to distribute money-for-food assistance to Syrian refugees in Jordan. The project uses blockchain technology to digitize identities and allow refugees to receive food by eye scanning. WFP's low-tech hydroponics kits allow refugees to grow barley that feed livestock in the Sahara desert. The SMP PLUS software is an AI-powered menu creation tool for school meals programmes worldwide. Partnerships WFP works with governments, the private sector, UN agencies, international finance groups, academia, and more than 1,000 non-governmental organisations. The WFP, the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, and the International Fund for Agricultural Development reaffirmed their joint efforts to end global hunger, particularly amid the COVID-19 pandemic, during a joint meeting of their governing bodies in October 2020. In the United States, Washington, D.C.–based 501(c)(3) organization World Food Program USA supports the WFP. The American organisation frequently donates to the WFP, though the two are separate entities for taxation purposes. Aid transparency WFP joined the International Aid Transparency Initiative (IATI) in 2013 as its 150th member and has regularly published data since then using the identifier XM-DAC-41140. The organisation was assessed by Publish What You Fund and included in the 2024 Aid Transparency Index with an overall score of 84.5, which is categorised as a "very good" score. == Countries of operation ==

Afghanistan 14.8 million people have acute food insecurity. Yemen 19.5 million people need humanitarian assistance and 17.1 million are food insecure. == Reviews ==

Recognition and awards WFP won the 2020 Nobel Peace Prize for its "efforts for combating hunger", its "contribution to creating peace in conflicted-affected areas", and for acting as a driving force in efforts to prevent the use of food as a weapon of war and conflict. Receiving the award, executive David Beasley called for billionaires to "step up" and help source the US$5 billion WFP needs to save 30 million people from famine. Challenges In 2018, the Center for Global Development ranked WFP last in a study of 40 aid programmes, based on indicators grouped into four themes: maximising efficiency, fostering institutions, reducing burdens, and transparency and learning. These indicators relate to aid effectiveness principles developed at the Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness (2005), the Accra Agenda for Action (2008), and the Busan Partnership Agreement (2011). There is wide general debate on the net effectiveness of aid, including unintended consequences such as increasing the duration of conflicts and increasing corruption. WFP faces difficult decisions in working with some regimes. Global economic fragility significantly hampered food security efforts throughout 2025. According to the November 2025 Hunger Hotspots report, high debt burdens in developing nations—which paid a record $921 billion in interest in 2024—severely limited their capacity to invest in domestic food systems. This financial strain, coupled with currency fluctuations and austerity measures, reduced household purchasing power across multiple hotspots. Consequently, even when food was available in local markets, it remained largely unaffordable for millions of people, particularly in low-income and debt-distressed countries. ==See also==